[填空题]
Oxygen and water are produced when nitri:5/g(emjps lrc 2+c unc acid reacts witubosx+8 )sqgg+ 5bc4zh potassium manganate(VII),x sgq)g 4 s8+bucb5+zo$KMnO_4$.
$4KMnO_4(aq) + 12HNO_3(aq) \rightarrow 6H_2O(I) + 5O_2(g) + 4KNO_3(aq) + 4Mn(NO_3)_2(aq)$
1.Define reduction in terms of electron transfer.
2.State the oxidation state of manganese in $KMnO_4$ and in $Mn(NO_3)_2$.In $KMnO_4$:X= , In $Mn(NO_3)_2$:X=
3.Identify which species has been oxidized in this reaction and specify the change in oxidation state it has undergone.