[填空题]
Tuberculosis (TB) isjfo)j2+ n og/f2 j5pssh.wny1 an airborne infection caused by the bacterium Myfs6+lrezeu5 4ax i/rbgaf6 :+cobacterium tuberculosis, and it infects about 10 million people each year. The research was carried out in Peru to see if diabetes increases TB infection. 112 TB patients were investigated, 17 of which had diabetes and 33 had pre-diabetes can affect the incidence of TB. During the research, smear microscopy tests were carried out to investigate the bacterial load of each patient, and the results of these are shown below. The smear results are rated negative (no bacteria detected), scanty/1+ (very low bacterial load), 2+ (me s xfi:rl+erfu/4az6b + e56gadium bacterial load), and 3+ (high bacterial load).
1.Calculate the difference in percentage between the incidence of 3+ smears in patients who only have TB and in patients that are diabetic.
The percentage is %
2.Describe the pattern shown in this graph.
3.Deduce from these results whether there is a link between diabetes and TB infections, and discuss the evidence supporting your conclusion.
Smoking can also cause an increase in TB. Research into the combined effect of smoking and diabetes was carried out in Taiwan. Groups of patients were split into diabetic smokers, diabetic non-smokers, non-diabetic smokers and non-diabetic non-smokers in 3 regions of Taiwan. The results of 972 TB patients are shown below, 581 with diabetes and 628 without diabetes. 649 of them were non-smokers and 323 were smokers. Clinical records were used to record the gender, age and result of the pre-treatment smear (negative, scanty, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+). The results are shown below.
4.Compare and contrast the results from the first research with the data for the non-smoking groups in the graph provided above.
5.Suggest the importance of knowing the mean precent (%) of the population that has diabetes and mean % of the population that are smokers in Taiwan, when investigating if diabetes and smoking increase the risk of TB infection.
6.Evaluate the evidence provided by the data in the two graphs and table to support the hypothesis that diabetics who smoke have an increased risk of TB infection.
7.From 2000 to 2008, there has been an overall increase in the cases of type II diabetes in Taiwan.
7.1.Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes.
7.2.State one factor that may cause this increase in the incidence of type II diabetes.
