本题目来源于试卷: Interaction & Interdependence C.8 Populations & Communities，类别为 IB生物学
[问答题]
[Maximum mark: 9]
Scientists conducted studies to understand interspecific foraging behaviour overlap in Fiji’s forest birds. They observed the foraging behaviour of three types of birds on the main island of Viti Levu: nectarivores, insectivores and omnivores. The recorded data on the vertical partitioning of the different birds are shown below.
On the island of Viti Levu, the box and whisker plots below show the range, interquartile range and median for the results obtained for three species of nectarivores, two species of insectivores and two species of omnivores.
[Source: Adapted from Naikatini, A. N., Keppel, G., Brodie, G., & Kleindorfer, S. (2022, March 18). Interspecific competition and vertical niche partitioning in Fiji’s forest birds. MDPI. Retrieved 1 July 2023 from https ://doi.org/10.3390/d14030223 Copyright under CC-BY 4.0]
1.Distinguish between the terms ‘intraspecific’ and ‘interspecific’.
2.Describe the differences seen in the foraging heights of the different species of nectarivores, as seen in the interquartile range shown in the box and whisker plots.
3.Outline the similarities in foraging heights of nectarivores, insectivores and omnivores, based on the interquartile range shown in the box and whisker plots.
Further studies were carried out on the birds. The vertical foraging height of the Orange-breasted Myzomela honeyeater bird was recorded in the coastal forest in Leleuvia island, where they are the only honeyeater species, and on the main island of Viti Levu, where it lives alongside two other honeyeater species. The average height of the trees on Leleuvia was 15 m and on Viti Levu it was 26 m. The data is therefore normalised for comparison and shown as relative foraging height (foraging height/mean height of tree). The box and whisker plots show the range, interquartile range and median for the results when competitors are absent (Leleuvia island) and when competitors are present (Viti Levu).
[Source: Adapted from Naikatini, A. N., Keppel, G., Brodie, G., & Kleindorfer, S. (2022, March 18). Interspecific competition and vertical niche partitioning in Fiji’s forest birds. MDPI. Retrieved 1 July 2023 https://doi.org/10.3390/d14030223 Copyright under CC-BY 4.0]
4.Discuss the foraging behaviour of the Myzomela honeyeater species with and without the presence of competing nectarivore bird species. 1
5.Comment on the challenges of obtaining data in field studies compared to laboratory experiments.
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