What is the best definition fg hxk66y gk7a(or a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rc+fb hd m3zhu3gdv/.;ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors thaq. u8ym 1z:xtut could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor1muxu:tq y. 8z 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population oubhor4x o97d, i*w4 d ;nssd4zp/ p.o


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Scgoagso5u 0 j4s r qwk/.j3 wo3jpot(22histosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble 5uf 9g7fi cg*kmd0jq* the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but gfik9c75*du qj*0 fgm only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatd. qwrs(wc gey)z)v67ion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur * 1qgty 6i tv.:7fkst, qjenm0naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way okt:tgvn q 6s*qftiymj.e,70 1r another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of s9;zd1 2 9 b k,xhhris3pxfnt8a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the r0)d8aqlmopsn m 0oi;v4ss 3 6kemains of dead plants and animal3v;0 o d80p)namsls m6kio4sq s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of l(jh sl p+fz;/toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organiffy5 gm19t8+xm -lsb gsms live and interact with each other in the cold wa85gxg mfbsm1 9-lyt+fters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy*+s yo5-c nvoro ,tcwn -sv/(m is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known 9)me jku*8n6g thqx/a zo/1dxto have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been gxq//ka89 e jn6)odx1 mt*h uzknown to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement zvirssu s) 8/)that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing diges)y8+ivmc c1v rpq4 qm;tive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzy4yv;qc)rqi v+cm 1 8pmmes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratedfer x /z: x)agaoo*(30y6tp :d9p(eww-b foo u rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy.s;0mfk:0 rw7m6ci; odheh eb.

  List three factors that could describtvxe2e- 9a4gm:tog/0he 5iz be a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 an4gx0zti:a5 btoh 9-/e ge m2ved Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosy))b80f4 nyzwf(cjcuzw rkj x,)) g1k inthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systedf 12pt 8i g-pu*cqaa0m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resembl g(koh 1y4+: wk+k aja 6ymeug4l,dk+pe the zebra. ( y:1a6hm ekg kky,+ kgp+u a+odj4lw4It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ec eae9iw.;hoi 2rap; u9u /6jeuosystem.

  Figure: A marine food weruaq64 + x,ofqdt6a 4ab



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inuue1g r:n.ocuu a4jn /i;bk5y3 *n /ytside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produjek/u 4;n b:.ou5unyygu*1in/t cr a3 ced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followint,9 o(wyrvq o8g chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movegnxcj4 n a0qp;8vdk/)ment of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following teo a2f32+p zfc:tp+pzirms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials. ++fcpz iap:zt3pof22

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers f,3:3wqjt+ a9usmhzy


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population denyoppjv ,iy dsy4/g 08f. fryhyr703l3sities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dich* yh srmk v/bm7.qrs-+x9lg7 qlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesqg0c-*lxp6pi6k,ki mb t1 m (qocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some coralspx,c0p l*g(kiib6 k1q qtm6 -m and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following-+2scm kqxq ;6o.nsng is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy cot,j ,9jd(lvt f7ri:einversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxp+8(m vpvrguh7 s/ epu.2( zejins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is fp0 mulf6i +3dfalse when discussing a pyramid of bmpufd 3 60lf+iiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enu8:sdoln : vz7ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity inr :aaim-0b dij2. m;cc an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine d-v yv83 jk)czfood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a s-5b(pntizz bqp,;/a hfv2 d8noil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does nott wqqt3fbw,t p 4l.75j accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah syst6 kno0mvwu :0my58m ahem with parasites on a consumer like the l5hvo :amnukywm80 m06 ions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.8eohd b-q p(k5What is Photosynthesis and d5(-po8 kehqbRespiration?

  Identify the statements kt 6fjm9fox j6f0k2 n7/ t:1zrzxp qq-that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lo-egu )kf )1(:)usfub1rpulob st from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide iux/cbd e*5g6pn the air to carbohydrates. *p6gduxceb/5

  There is continuous cy-k*je za- /dd29eml jzcling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. */jzal j- ede km2z9d-
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon c,r1lht r n zy+j:s+nu0ycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy intw aq*zo8f+2hp ox06 h r;r6xu an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that ar pi e6uw(p-wde36e cf8xqt1 2ie true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be catlc q4w /oim27lculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mahq5ktul hs:o4304(pat r i(r hrine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through thep, 6bey+x6 f2nv7eyxg carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystemy;(;icq 7g 2pu sn2czv


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a tx) 9hshdp+0hhrj bsxf-ll((1 errestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyr a e9b j6x2czsq;(.oking bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitro*ccbzvy ;v ;mg 0wy:)f)(saxxgen cyczxbfv0c) wg(v :sm;;y ca)*xyle.

  Figure: Average per ca .wbs z1zf/sqz l4u80je*y.czpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP anyar,bvd.,lahfzp qes m/(8 r9 nj01 ohd2od 37d NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cl.8qral132s,7p myj ,vo 0r fhdn/deazdbho 9(imax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followibs*dm9ff8 :0c +oma 4rk u5n4low9fxcng is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per clf,b-9bdx m( 6 zln1qdapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out ue l6z/v q67o+/j(ognbg6h-e + e ciwxtsing bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxy+7 on/-gtco66+jl wvhe(bie6/ qxzgegen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storag1y+lzze,dl fa d*; 7ufg;0omees & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriekc9 p 3r9j.v zg;8yuaus by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a 2pphkho q9ew/;jf1 j /biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graphd4hl x (a48ydvbx;l7h wot2g* of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept o(s;a f3fjomv -(l2 omgf "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the following. 2m ovja(go-3m (f;slf
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variable+)fdi2* fkp fam.q :mls. List the main factors that characterize the terref2f.i*mflpk:m )d qa+strial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome.*e - 9cld:ddid29zkb 6n r;squ

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an vfku 5tc86bm- ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyk*4.z-ox ayu e


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity a7 w 4ij-w+pm(i9 lifqmnd biomass of two herbivores in different biomesp 9(w+i7wm ijl-mqi4f


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession pi j5+bl;e gl9zrogresses fromj il z95b;+elg a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following0i2lu*68b *ij9rcgzx 8ryvip statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succeijxy 0il28r*c*9zrbip g6 vu 8ssion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic fase 4fwo9 2(f4i/ sp.gh(rq nmrctor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the efz3 0tcxu3;y0dge qk*q fect of temperature on the rate of photosyntu yk0 3qcgzd3;e 0qtx*hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in jk(earj ek+: .t2xx s4a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of jt+vad8s7 ov8beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of vd87 j8s +ovatwhich 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple ow)/d tre8hh, readings of e dhto8hw) ,/rthe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment useptd z,) 7 +wrsae 2e3tgxbr7i2d in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samp+.c9bcwuxyd ujm97wx bm/.lq yc0*t ;les of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts oq lcwpctn-2 :/r,tx*6cey g-sf Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for/8om2 nee4lyb sampling motile (movi84m2e/ yoe lbnng) specimens.