What is the best definn l/l(o8okn)t ition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italj.gpar h jrgrv rn /lwmk.: k+2e4184z:ht/uqy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' m7xkmf, x7 x/mniche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor fm7k/x xm, 7mx3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population mbycf0*f61z5*uc*ifqz.dd2 y(jvw resi x (:


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schr .: 8tn-wow5n zm(dauistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a gzhr4(hi 9 xssqc0e otphj9 n -y7:s,6small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republi s r,yxj6 th:q -is9hogn07sc94hz ep(c of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organ9a4;bfc 5gaqcfxw 65mgea 9f2isms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Amerb rmn v,48kyp+ica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals sukp+ vry84nm,bch as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over txiu6 wud, 9n0e,- xfsu:rv2g x1itq8u qzb-8qime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and c3am.pk; zb tt1 to//msnails feed on the remains of dead plants and animalkm;ttb t o1m/a ./3czps.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup o9( oks +.-ws taggsb5lf toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and oto r z)8s faq:hf8/dlf:r4c4)3 sttnbpher organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Oceanad38 fotpr4t )c/l:b84h)qss rz: fn f.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy i ntyv en.bl42)s lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high prods 72k4ev r8xftuctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have beenf2k7t rse8v4x known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chain.rlq 2e5dufi ac vp3di+a 3c-v gy8t;0ud:e2 n5

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surround db9)qz b ksm*a.vp2 pkcf695uings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the product9u5ka 9)*zdv.c2mb 6 bsfppqks.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syst(8cdnw+ w.qg eem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyraox-6 gdmxh;.7o2 hdwh 4coeb 1mids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' srb8,uux 0 .vx93tl luniche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 at .l9bulusur0xx 3v8 ,nd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differentcnc 9v1. px;2, pws mprdekl (eaqjxr3(1m.r3 temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated;-oo x5h0uob d rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sy/ xaxd:32jmmn-gd3 .9 yeqhh7ekfe2ized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. Whe3 eegd 9y2m3e/kxanh.qdmj -hfx2:7yn they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorre::*rqf1bdhp k ct description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food 9-cl hkciekm7h+ 7bpt,+hjz0 web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on rm 6osv389x):ixc dup*a1 ptathe carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunligh* doxst:up81ir6av)m apc3x9t.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following c(sg q 38,0u4gfjfveskcedj4, hemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean 1v;y,2a5gxadm0 gknh. 6vz fx


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the fliew-f muuxqzi;sm 5iu9*: ,hp,;q m)ollowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organs,; iem-uzqm*lmfwq, 5i xpih );u9u:ic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid 7;/3hf7amcj+ dw boznxugx; 5of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prc3jmj7opc +lus l/,9oey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTgg* )00qhgxghdg5 kfe;5q3 id ):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocoovjj2; k3 n6k8i5 tgnzsm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placejo t3jkk n;igv8z5n62d it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tjqen1*c2; nszse7 )o kransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy co wkm0r71/ie ifnversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food c6jz 0.t,o xrgfhains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when d daj:.(i)09n tniqjzz iscussing a pyramid of bioa0.n)nq:ij d9(zj iztmass.

  Figure: A pyramid ofqe.g/nti r(/o0a1 ui20htci v energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct uniglyuz :y u07 itol*d3-ts for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinbi+isi88z cz *e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a5el+qze-e8ea b rfjpr72tqcj9c/0 pkq + zg*0 soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not es 2 m9a 7q95ojy2dwfbn8zx0haccurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannao+jjt i2/w(gdh system with parasites on a consumegd 2/t i(jj+wor like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from bcfuf k2s e1pf +xrn0n7e*gv. 6*m3ulthe options below.What is Photosynthesiskgnl7f 10buu*e*3ef + sfc 2xvrn6pm . and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDs )e7ki2dn1z dfgnmelhz;2kj :/t45 hT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecohpapm .hy:b1vt z3fh+4+cvf 3 systems.

  State the name of the process that converts cuva ws b4w5h7a0j82r3zex x(6dtf b :barbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrate:u0f53bx rxbe dz vj28b 6h7taw(4awss.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon fromjds/;5 (brt.zu c 6znqym**r u the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. r;.srm / yb65(j*n*qut zdcu z
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbonh5eax/( h kf(m cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yearh r/s2g+qder6jx5v 9d


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trgkej9z ( ,fb 2w23n/bwdocrb 2ue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivitmflf,8 8l5*l; hg zzzty (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified dir7lt(8 sr1afk agram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbonl90kfwr (8fpad ypv(*c5yp 1o through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyxd lqm-*jiv 5h4 b :2d,k(jtdxstem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestv8s qrg/717+ymaubnyd8ok*fpocab h33 f c.,rial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of 3:9v:uofmp o qv 8hsx 5ngp:1odenitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-inducedzbx o+ :p gp2jd7z;y+9zpt0h: 8dspps effect on the nitrogen cyczh:ss9bpzpgj0+ +xd dy pt278p; p z:ole.

  Figure: Average per cfil3+t6q v (tam em*3wapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succeslo cu -+byr-3 ok/oz.5axjom3sion progresses from a pioneer community to a climax .3x+yzjomo k3louc-o- b5r a/community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following 5ic29ls3fn mlis an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per c(zmk h20wienha8 6 oh2apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One wbsw, qwz: zzr6hi*87ixl 8 lo2as kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles6s*lwrb,28o8ihw : qlzxz7 zi.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbong3uhfc.p(+s;w j eo0m 6kcwz4 storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988- v63y, o1laapkjs(d3 r2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a e5z, z,s ecle*biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap,70ry l ;sf(sqiohm 97mj;lyu h of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements sciq1 5 q ah9;+rao0fqfrom the follo51o i0qahqs9f;c+ra qwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Lisgrx*.6r cqdhysz v0(7 t the main factors that cha rr sy.*7z 0qg(6dchxvracterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a de dvho8 :d4l2bkscription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement relmfa4+ia thmjb+ ;o,e-2v v9mxated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, m kfu,bje u5o:/jfu*8 Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivi4f6wzuc g3 7w- k*bjrbty and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes 3u7kw g4w bjf rz*c6-b


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses f*hjb pjr*0 qm-rom a pioneer community to a climax community. rh p -bq*m*j0j
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chu5 nq50hxk w wn2i/yo)anges in productivity during primary snkq2o ui0y55)xn /whw uccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be m 65;6e u7y( i4kpnr8qul xpmxwo/z2 gx(nv:bveasured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperx8;hm 7ygy6ewq 19eyzature on the rate of photosynthe198yqh ge6wxye 7;zy msis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field sajk0r*/e(h+f4hen.q1 d sjq 3t.qon



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens o ;z/qk;v4h kedo 1ntindx ),w8f beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. /)d8vxi;kn hktd w,e1o 4n;qzThe next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple rea hm5i4 kvaph2;dings of thh;4kap hmiv25e same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sa:rv z8,),s:a0t*c q;nfm tlta hebr7h (m xa/rmpling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data foes x4skgm)a. rk7n(jtot6/zb;8 wm ,zr two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speceav8a) / w)jddbq.n l0ies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following xy6.(av(lbcthw l65 rky62m l sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) sym 6y 2rlh(6(w. b6lak5lvxc tpecimens.