What is the best definition for a speciegw o-q u21gz8c)3qckh s?

  igure: Climate graph ofh.g ld tc m:90h-/-oayhpz 8mz Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a speci:ejhkh-n *k ss4m;suu)zk4 :d es' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factors:4u)jkhu*k-nmsehzdk : s4 ; 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a,nvgybl5f9g;1 nh fl u t-te2: population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spec5tnoebi 7i.0on)esle w ;f8 5ries



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a smwfj6yuq- o, nz f gjh)3wx0,6mall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze 66n ouw, z)w xff-,yj30jhqgm on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the :ltvi+j bp s.d 42us)agroups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Ameri0xuts h* v:b7)fs8t /nqmf:cf 9f+qa lca and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is pts/fqqfbtfc0hs f8a :v +*lumn :x )97rotected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ove3l g :4*ueii2l(h1 ljzzew u,sr time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails hp 8m x i)r 7,7yaeeclvvc2viq3y2l-2feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.2c)y,2c3 7yvvev7ix 8hl r p-ilqem a2
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup o-q36vgvv lbt 3f toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, pola k7;u8(ohv/d psla8far bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold wateruvk8o7(dfa/h; lps a8s of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from e+qvwg ;3hsz+p cosystems.

  Rainforests are knowjz7aklgv x h(eg2)66bn to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environmxjvga)h2 kbl6e g6 7(zent they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement thatcyv 7q;j-6-evk h *v+nivyy*o is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by reipx+ w0h3nqb1 leasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the prodhbxw i0+1 3npqucts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cj 9.agmnx+ 5 /;xnaj0 ihi6pt8hzc5wmultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used f ao xk*s 0zrc;6wa2l3oor pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a speeid k qg;le;u5 ja22z:cies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2:dug 2;aj ;zklq5eei2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the 74la; lmr+yxp vvgtso3 ,4j2 grate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivr h*o.v8s l *5jaceb/s:,ingm,p .obnation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that reserkc 6oe 0q1y:lf)8m 9bz.yrjfmble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they c e8)rm.o f61:0yf kyqrc9z jblan reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystemh fh)yif6zc-i.m/r) y.

  Figure: A marine food a. l(vpqzvtjwe -3 3th:0al+j web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. z7x- ;)vs4e tc 1j0un/8*jprc cvxtjj Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthe-s1 ;r epttc n /)80jcvj*xjjuz7v4xcllae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:479/tvkmfe9xkde d i8


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagr-- 51w jyn,fkve; /*l ylgzjqjay +u3aam of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organismsf 20dnci oum *cl1vt5) like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic ma) mnc0vt l*c152fduioterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid oe6hvldx0g5yq*cz )sz/ qg)i;b p8q7df numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator ant2 t.7 k qwr3j9ycl9gud its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about *y dg9e, hll)(8fqoznwc1h +b Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available mc9zckfg l -p2,h qo5n;r7) lzseawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to proviqg -l2 o9hkpznc;7z5l)rfcm, de a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transf9(ed0qxhc 5seqn2. loqld k13ormation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syst.; eiz sar7d*k6.fbhvem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins ol.tx o7ozi0a 8z . tvy2-,gicin food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyrai wuc9(xc +3famid of bi iw9 c+ux3(afcomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energyke/ . sy nnpwud+qzj05 rnh)9hjgiy;s p317+h


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for repre um n1kb0h68 +xq/khctsenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fof5nzdjzxv/t1p+. v3dfi9pl: od web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in/xwu pv: oqu0 d0 pujd;q,9z3e a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that0r okqutbtnkyi 5+ i izoi;zq::.qa2,g( 1(ao does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savae/ad j g-99tksnnah system with parasitesd-jt9g9 s/ kae on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and xl(cen7qgip. i /dne/q 9 d/k6respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photoi(c.plx/ /q egnkq9n6d7ei/dsynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements t0h i:t, +sr-;yl1tdj-j9n n7 g can+tdyp(p wnhat describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fr0me8 uct89r u svzv6;jom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carocb ij72a6b:h a h:2zzbohycbajo bi 262zz:h ah:7drates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to (hph*fwl5g8bo:ocsm-h /q g :other carbon sinks.q:(/5o-p*8hf lwsochhg bgm:
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the bo+q6/ wsxx/dw5d ;*omtop8 e longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area otmd iw1i:+e:t7 b-uc per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tr-an1pw5ev u/wt k:ti)8 jx.jw ue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be ca3hi 6cfkd .zbd4o9mf 3lculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine cz7btw+cx7 -l7ft3sia arbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the car 8.kqgxie 4un3ao3.o-vcil3tfp:b u1 bon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ect:q, bpiybk( 5osystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem gkiq(mya3*of8bff. 5in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement tu /.( sr;akh2ey wb(eohat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced eqa3boh v1vr f/:) qj7jffect on the nitrogen cycq f /qjh3)r ovb1vj:a7le.

  Figure: Average per 2iwq p0 ng6miqut-s,w *a7ar-,9 zgyz amd54zcapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresrf. f8fn7 bqgnbh+5m w)3rql0ses from a pioneer community to a climax community. 5mw+b30fl)qfhbnqrr fng.8 7
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of3ghx f-ht b4a* transformation.

  Figure: Average per m4czz1a0w ur:capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottbu)t1v8 aq1xri fpc12les with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. Th b1tp2a1 q1ui vf)8rxce dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flowsvjsw/ lof88 s9 in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regi if d.b5p;oy0n3,bif qon 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bd9 3u .w64pgpp p,unjuiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,q5 ) q(+cxwble Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the f. ve.kd -xxmb,n9u 9nbth zlp7i84e8tollowing l4n9ub kbxvpe -tem8hz ..9tni7,x8d.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physi+g0r jhv.a oq6cal variables. List the main factors that cha.0g6q oajh+vr racterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the ra js+nw:e-:yna inforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to1+94a tt oberv diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itl 9y. kp9tp2u 0gevx.farvc 9,aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivore-fw) y*n/,iml c,nb zzs in different biomenmi/) zl*-fcyb , nw,zs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary s()c zr- w8cxkjuccession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax c)r( jzx8 kc-wcommunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followi(lsz s:-vqzr *fqc9 y9c1r *+smrkw ;xng statements is not correct in describing the changes in produc ;q*rrf-sy:r*qczmszx(w9l +kvc1 9stivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can h)abm(+:vh: ldqw,0:syzfkw. x .q n rbe measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect .zgsd +n3dj5g*vo.z tof temperature on the rate of photosynthesisz 5.vz .djgod +t3*sng



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldb+ gh*1m 2l zyei 3.e(ahlz)fq



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimxnq j1:bh8ek4 reglkt:;f 6 l:ens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked indijgr8:l : 64;:xbeqlhnke1tfk viduals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of thg0+7yiwbnsrrojs ;n ;c-o g3c6;kit+ e data, it is important to take multiple readings of6+n-3i rc;so ct7n;rwob 0 s;g +ygijk the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolognj/m eth 6vd:gcw(z54ical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twmul rf (rse878o samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creej-ja/.topz8 k k




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the followingp8x. 22oszl g wmq1,0w lhnl,o sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimgpowln2 m0.1wlh2,z8,soqxl ens.