What is the best definition for a specivf: 0m 0rtaa4t96ur5 hd/roodes?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy 7;hn+ ,hsuqtn


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a lq+qqkz gggw .y5xnu:a, 2*w6species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;zw65y, n *q:+wkqgag x ugql.2Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of r ee0r/ 3/qnnbkz.id0 a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sch i/qux k9a:l8yn6qw *aistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the 1 83kdzuo41jyojm8 ouzebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat t13 u 8kdo4uo1yjmz8johe leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orga9l vhn89dnf 3snisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Noo ahw bal+m87dw(0he-rth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sw7 ah -omhwe8ad0+(lb heep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of axr79w2mb ;s7u(stm bln xq3-a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead 2z9 yafrmg(q e.21rj4 - jqpch9 c4hl-vfhn(gplants and anima(- 9eqm4vhr 2c gph c9z42gyq l-1ar (nhjf.fjls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainnz9,0cfh8 t7l6zao nes


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live 6r4sa2(:m 0m qo snq4ia ixgr2and inte (g2r m:x24rsa6m sqa40ni qoiract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energypftwu9 (b j-n5rfgga//f4*t t is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees (z,1aejpe.18+ yesrh mtmk5eand a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to 1j e+amsz(t85ye.e h1rm,ke pnurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a corrdbyohza 3gxri 12.5n 4+ )7+xdeyvbc zect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients b ds 9(rf mq2t*++czkfly releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi k+sm 29qrd cz*t+flf(then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system 7* wdr,t bgur:


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of eneray49)pp2+a , sr pqiq8ycs2lv gy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ni m 83bbz1dh2hnwpz c:3rz9(q:w tn*xdche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor* r: wxz8( n3 h1q3bcz:tbz2wddmn9hp 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different te+bb 7prgeprj(uo35ys0- ph p( mperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syste*m2fzt *yrw7yf sy) g9m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thatw1p.c5oc)8 3vgeyuu,dy uvo: resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mothevw pgu.o:v5cd38e)u,u1cyo yr gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect+ d tlbjmnr 2si3;tp:+x3akb70kmp .j description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodnlpq1s5h0a0 7t u+hbc web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon coa8; nx* (,gc7vm hzwq2pjz, yrmpounds;czqn2hxy z7 av(wj m*8gpr, , produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical ei0yo g0ohlb ,1)cw 09d v jn7nkq*;xrreaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in th5 u ege.o r e4+fn6()bbz+ :hdrd5:jkqu7imjye ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best dl1g 5m:7f cogsycqzly5-/:xxescribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and d7:/yqlmcxl:zx5gc1g ys-o f 5igest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of number u-o5xj1, towzs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its 2q zky4p2/ byiprey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiph7ny s( g3tlr7u wr(ry/enyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a com4xn pvtpin2 (4 1pb8tu*txg*hmercially available seawater-filled glass orb, pg *nt (142pptn*v 8xx4thu ibwhich included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an e6fc/-7k z (tbc0u jxuzxample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion ua9z4k*wur, bf(gy9ec j2p+x system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins i;jpn0:ljm 1zpn food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramssbc20hq9e du ) flfp so46:(uid of biomash lusfdse2opbu)f0 s94 :cq6(s.

  Figure: A pyramid of m fewism6k 31/ s71rgc2eo9ut/fum o5energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing profc1 h )fm:*lwsductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fo81 a)hbsg df wxyi,3q2od web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosysteyhyba70 bi:0 m nb5ko*m




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately dil5bbh(.v3ngebo r 2u :wup/8escribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savanw *k. kw-m*klxy k;xw0nah system with parasites *k*.kk xkwm ylw0-x;won a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and r0e zx.+fq7 vjkespiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosy.+fqvezk0 xj 7nthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that dah2lmd7 ehf 1,o9- nwlk86jqyescribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemcedqs(4+ 151ug3qhodwlvsykb/9 hyccq: , j; s.

  State the name of the process that7lkbt9s(wv q 2 f0,xkn converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydqxk l nvw(,0sf9bk2t7rates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other ca5-eads j6t0x .qi8nf ss:zww :rbon sinks.q-w f.as:z0iws8: td5 je 6xns
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycqli * 7ccl*/k4y3dkxv x4t9bb le that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an39ti kpw2wnbrf8 u56w4)lbqe ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trgji anb.)fyy jzg/t0:1rz6 r3ue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productiv7 )e . c1mz/p1wky 5w+m-e2nsbfajemw x,v2bfity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of t+t.ms n5o)ar8be4pj/ 3.;a6rs i el7cmpr nr rhe marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbg 4av5,uitnr,eu8hr ,on cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an d ;yvav)/q(uz7d r n3cecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem i jtb 6qh a:0t(wo5bnm1n kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true ss7bu g +;z+e,.wadeiof denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect ob6c -)nxc diwg,u2.+nvd+g z un the nitrogen cyclwcc x)igv2- dbdzg n++6uu ,n.e.

  Figure: Average per capit(wrfs9l -nj -e ec;6sma $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary sf5o98x1x r dkdhkx, 5cuccession progresses from a pioneer community to a cldr1hxf5dcxo 8 xkk9, 5imax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of /:kwbg2 p zs qdmx-9f.transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit1a0wbo.9m 3:joh tfiv a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One w rh)fde2jc -1zas kept in light and the other in darkness. The dh- c2zedr)jf1 issolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flow7aw :b+b.e*fh rrdyh,o9ti + ps in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriqolz z7bll *-.fr5(tqd :k fdlx/4 3fses by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a9(6 ;nckxmzl*ta6 wvi biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I csyq *ece:t **dbv5ekz( +)pgtaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonatif3o7fu 20ar,wvrv. t h,pmj b)on’’by choosing one or more statements from the followibv)thmfvrrp .3 uwj02foa 7,,ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List7y85 pz p(lrn,: ti/osx,vrsj6jwu;t the main factors tha;,twr pj7is6nzlr:t (/p oj5 usxv8y ,t characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descrgy.; gr:r)xfqc23i1y q/isv(i serv) iption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversit7,r 08xwu tkbdy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, kw 7vf8)oeehj ab-vkv+3 3z6r Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbpgz3b wm vl, ggif)s 2/of8y:9ivores in different biomebpv/, igf2o s9zl)gwyf8g3m:s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primarpz64uvziifq1 4s ar+93m3crb y succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax co 1ra+443izm9fqv ui p rbs3z6cmmunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following t)08ygrc mraqki2r.syw+d wh(2, uv, statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary successiongur. 8r ,cwh d i0st2akr+yym)w(2vq,.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi diseeo ls* x.;4sa4 4 wfqwyh5 3bfpw85wak.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperaturepx0 i p k (6ipqzm/iyicj(3* .t,5kl3/lhepbt on the rate of photosynthesis e iclt * (zbi /hpkm(lqxy.,j0t5/pi3ipp3 k6



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat inp. exx(jjxwt.h 8 55:8jhems y a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capturexk 7br, 5jt 6iisb8mn; specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 7, b86skmitibn5;xrjwere beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to j5ix c:pd h)u*take multiple readings of ti hd*5pcxu:j) he same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicaly- 8qj69frscn sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two s :xstdey.j1e;+n dca6amples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sa*7sn u:tuxy7 jmpled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the folloh,cr59b0 vphnt-7a(fcvtr9q6s5 yl fwing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimq6cth7hvrn,p 559r-(bl tfy a c0vf s9ens.