What is the best definition for*hgnima3 e gz(79cg5h a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, n+0ttt()e8nx*ki br x Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a spec e2 x/.awm j4+tv lpi-edz-zc;mgg (n8ies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;8d-t i jzxw.enca/m m ve-z;p24lg g(+Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populationi0zvc 4jze-n f /hcq2*


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sxb+6 mkk8wa9u ht-q j5chistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has sam*/ dt2;qfumnn.cton3 4 xo3 tripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five yearsn42nnuoq. c; o*a tdm33mtf/x old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups fdo*(i a,;w rw7k1yz5(fdf kvof organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey 2o8 r6ace n qgt0.ys3zwolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves nqaose6r y.gtc3z2 08are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over time. ;7 aom(tt fhlpls**l1

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remapm5j6m n5o9vyins of dead plants and animamyn9mov56j 5p ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins00r3o gkotuajs o j9-v/q92cu in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear ax .0g f1* lsqtq o(xqexo;;u6gnd other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Oceag(gqt.q sf qu;1ol60* xeo; xxn.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fromu3on5 i.smjh: e iokf( 7dki*4 ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a largpjh0;tu67mi r, *kfwge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions hrhmi,f7;6p 0w*u gj tkave been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a*(ivab lb k:j0 0q:pr3st kva: correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enz7xqll+chhahg 3 g7zh;5y );nrymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the pro7hr cql a;gxylz+h) ; ghn753hducts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated wfnge(bza7s9m/7u 1k,v: sljrice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used bduu 3/xoad1,qm3nv+for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe kxw2q*:z;vhkfb d 3m3 a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factow3f;*2vkdzh : 3qbkx mr 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diffe3mur8c xwpj0 i35q6uerent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cuns )mt6nb7q6, k oxbjq127p p cam4)dkltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the pcyvrxc6*3edi4: 3 fd zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary 4pyx:3drd36efv*c c ianimals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystemu c o-7s3gy.qb.

  Figure: A marine food w61hfhfm1zesy+bg 29b eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbo9joh2u dm,+btd: b3srn compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, waterd+u3 hostjdbb,r:92m , and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following crm e,jip8 2,e(lz*6d8phtrv zhemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified sysu wg3xl: : bxm*u,h*yetems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes fbe2,tegb+ 4k organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest nb+,eg4ekf 2 bton-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyra) /6zbwjgc- imr 9*mzcmid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its-hn8u.0 :ydt g+zcqjy -fye7x prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true ab cq2zant(h6hw*: vbjv*,;0tkc zc 1bbout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesoctn:univ s1 9w)osm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to pr)s :nwv1iun9 tovide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of trhm;q 0h uzez+;ansformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systemrn) (cb6 bnus0


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food by l0gp6xrx9 g(pt9n7chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discuss6af8ppx))fit l 04fh v(umb;ding a pyramid of biomass.lu(fafx p dhi;f))6p t08bm v4

  Figure: A pyramid of dag.0f wm b kcsw)m*vz;v :f,0energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unit*kbn4 v 5m.ihfs for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web 7pp5l xg09v+sos injx,2 yf7c


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil efqg2v( h:6h50 yw yc;xr rd(uqcosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not acc37 d m6 / (0b)oeg/ikpyqhogp3fe,pv6 gjm0dvurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a su8 m020m3emql2tcfg1gik cp:p on2i9avannah system with parasites on a consugm9i2c n2p0i:2fm 81 o t3p cklgeqm0umer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the opte/05cs q xnb:z bmi*o:ions below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirbzs eq / *xocib:mn:05ation?

  Identify the statements * flctdwba44r9r q+-qthat describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energrgi-3p80l lb * 9 d4bwf,:w8kdrc brtjy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to ce v :yhzyq)hwq1-5kb6arbohy6)w hqhevyb:5y- q1kzdrates.

  There is continuous cycling of cydi *mh0bp-4 farbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 4*f 0dyp hi-mb
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that reudkatlb)/ y:at a(fem5 r-9ihx4c6 1xquires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / perw0q) b:-7bnn3nli xdy area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thaji6 vfec7d 2vy4 .nhh3 v7i* ph1qaya2t are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivit a*n7:u(f hhmwie:o +vy (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mar/ l(hype5;5cui p -dueine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of c45o3m32hst v0u zps4 fcmf x h-li+t8uarbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystet i9r2 s-.g1g ;w4 ltuvltaf1cm


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosvip)3n,8usxtbzv*0o4s(xbh 5 5lm c u ystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying ba) (nrb9 ,kp0ixapx .1 qr/cneccteria.

  Identify which of theepmzn,dl8d-(: l .cqd following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy 8demdc(,z.n p:ldq -lcle.

  Figure: Average per cmlua nc9ehsdt 5h5a;b.s .5h 4f)7net apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as xixen*m t0l( dyq)bm. v vg576 ):fiofprimary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climed 6).lm o vq fixm0nb (xgv7y)*5tf:iax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatio;rd9-wzi*r r8r b0fpvn.

  Figure: Average per capi,jf.d yqy+-7/jkpa 3xwtno h7yuoe0/(gh ov.ta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using zej 9y dhhxyhv(: 4u97bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept ie4z(xh9y: h7v y dujh9n light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stor/ qw rhbac6l40c6gf5fages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by rf.n1 9mognr+n egion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a mnrhm+5: kek (wgq)wv9:zu ifc:2w)h biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro0*v 4oanp9o4np 6rxh3mv f6eqme, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosio(vqo :*7glml ng one or more statements from the followiv(7o *g:ql lmong.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clrzfs4tsia7:hem0/ wqq j6(8 qimatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main f4/f6istj0eqzwm8 (:ra hqq 7 sactors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of th.duv/ps-egi42 ,vt mf e rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statezy9 im +ng1r4oment related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph oohhi 8 jwu ;o0j 71c b2jue.oc-.)lrxbf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productwa/e 3: + l mhr7yp1fi)ec5irxivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes l )ya+ieie/x3 c:r7f p r5hmw1


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP +bf z:1;hjj fmcl bf:0hxe/dh* k:u: aas primary succession progresses froja zfh/c;u:k0hj*d :bh+fx:efl1 bm:m a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describ /.hab/rs l/eming the changes in productivity during primalb/e .rmsa /h/ry succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Sj.9 )vs alf0zb) cihc;ecchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to invest n9- qrczwy(d.igate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis y .rdw (cqzn-9



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in xie.8uc4lm wy)+ fz 6tul.b3aa field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of bee0/d iq(tgg slib5*y h2edixom-*8b 0 rtle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a to8io*hl0 q/xrtbigb 0 5 mys(e*gd-d2i tal of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is impd prg*; g3mo;s6.sgr nortant to take multiple readings of the sameg6rd p ;3;rggn s*oms. factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in1ii:1i:qy zqs1pz1bkw1t) x w ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fore xtfg 2yxt+:af4u2 k* two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for specaih ucjw8o ;-p,yg5 a7ies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniqsp; axc)2 . l2dqo5jkqe+/oe iues is not effective for sampling motilxa)2kj2qo+/op s5. i cleqe; de (moving) specimens.