What is the best definition foxe3+x bd(dz, inul bexa5x 6-;r a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rzel+ xi.yr; +uome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What iy z, efl, mpy,a)*anu)s Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fact,,ay f,)l aen*zypu)m or 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population2afmxz1j6mc y.z,g0 w


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Suya6 *nx r8l.0ef5 4eeqgu7 lcchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe 6 mfzdryy jg,/x 5.j3lqnxd;9 and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lidqnyr,g35 ;x6 fxd jy9jzm. /lves in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisqreb)m9/qw r6ms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occzzmw vlo31v -+ur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countw+m v-zov1l 3zries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects th 7m5;qz,j0ixkmgm d. ge growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snailskt-s x2nzmf(+ feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. -t+ msx2nk(fz
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in q*tgypq7 /+u:+m nx5 tws5the food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, m/ a*a8cttgf6s 6nz bk2h:a)cpolar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Ark2b6 tgn6s a/8zc f)*cha:tmactic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from eco/1tg0e0 npnl jsystems.

  Rainforests are known to have /i-o mp 8w;jnwx-tlb.p1d(,iyjf 1nr -psg:o tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture t(p8; o fjtw wy mpl-px 1. 1g-,rsbjidn:-ino/he presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct bh2 4lh;v*xkaiqo:h;r+5r g mdescription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes i-jc ds mwni369nto their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and deca 9nc- d3sjwmi6ying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivt8k3ib(t axh2 ation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids +o2 iw kz6sn*cu),6yyrk-y2s* xrdvp of energy.

  List three factors that could describet q.vcsam92 a :)zog5e a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fact2)tcvsm a5.ae9gqz:oor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the-7 t/o xxaa0lp rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation s18riio f4jz7 g 1vicfonytvwj ((+v0;ystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resembl*ieq b 83x9bs:yldv .yh;4zcp e the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and 8svzb9. y yi x:;*dbe4c3pqhl eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descrickq, qna(jg.j )6 8zjhption of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food4 fv ) wn.as-b80nz2wjadx(5a ckne ie-kz,4n web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on th 6zw9t1u tb2 (wvvm1hl c;+rewe carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellaevtwmz2t+; r 6w9wvc1b1l(h u e from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following cl :q hu-juv.w.o.1z bwhemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of theig+ m zbhuk,j c,ai5:, movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms tha;yaad j jn4(j-t ingest 4a jjayj ;d(n-and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pysqgo. 5d3.nif hh38 urramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prfy8l- 1h6:sbhom;a l ney


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dicp jz8s+ .w,u. .dubporhlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially mkq0i5zqp(s : available seawater-filled glass orb, wsi:m 5k(zpq0q hich included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the fycdy nkpwuu2qb7, chzx 9py-9)k )(,oollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy con;fua.w sbm;o22: xdjtversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food 7d--/ us*v 0(qzrha ltc ejcb4chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when disc/ (jkshd*6fqth-t vc 8ussing a pyramid of biodfvk/ - hts* j68th(qcmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneq yfq4mf o-*x a3p7am)rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for repy(8xo dc)y-9 f o6lq 4ubndlex: p7p0cresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinec+p f 9mfo: ;fibl6imk)u(o4o food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sf5gm, y/(u t-nr7wshmoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a rbt,d0iq yxye+b .mh *,u ,am-food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exi/kt og p99/uxorrd b/ -1a7n10wfjbqmst in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lioj 911 gr97kn qdmo0w /txbraf-/uobp/ns

  Distinguish photosynthh8:tij4aa.qyb 1x+vi jh -7xaesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photo8a:jhb1 iy xq.at4j7v-+h xiasynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDymmrj yn5d )da2/c74hT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy/qwhd3 fp;k3 pj7*z *)qh6gj e ytlv6z is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that /) o,oal9z9w6w o e k)xwizu+hconverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrat+6 u ,lw o9 kiazh9zo/xeww)o)es.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon +y(k6 lfzm,gk sinks. m kzf ,gy(6+lk
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carauugdcp 54a +,a-vu,u bon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an -aw*yuy -hta1 ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. s+w(a7 ysp)n g
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary P.oxrgj rc2h1 87diyh;roductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbs01qj;wfonp 5 on cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbf)oo rbn1p*(vjhp32h on through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in anz )( e7:qkvpa3 9fyqub ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyst lw.i: ;ox:jmfem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement te:uecrml) (e6 hat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the fol dh :ytr)w+zob+ -if:elowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclebz y+roi+: :-h f)etwd.

  Figure: Average per capita vw 9x,o(s2mp9av;f pw$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP )mupr p5z6kvv s kg8ch5 qg+u x;a4iq;qnd++. as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to4+.+nq vakmp5vz;+8k;u5 cgx6guqih rp s) dq a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is2zq7g2 1e ee9tbque, q an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitayfd3 ay 6oy(3ck66t jw $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodh ekj bf1ur*.c)7u6ms ea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the exp* re s 7b.1hfcu)jmu6keriment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual ff lw 1- hdons1w (a-cjcth9;*zlows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishesobhg 3j5;5g h-/anxo ries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a4ghw9 *rs.g vj*e2 5 f(zgikij biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itagde,atwt0mi sl:5/ x-3 i c6wely



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonac)fhnvjz w7h2 n0b3e t:7x9sq tion’’by choosing one or more statements from the followi77qn0 xw3ezhsn)j9v hbc2ft: ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variaboh f oq12x*8d jrjl2n3les. List the main factoxrlqh2j3oj 1o8*fd2 nrs that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a dee bg o 34m4xe:yrch8h)scription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to divez-n(/.p,ai4awyu)uy( f qm w2iketj2rsity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom s3gzs7btc1)hjcfb 2 (e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biowm:sx 0bg ,/iyj 52euamass of two herbivores in different biomes j0m 5 /:bgu2s,e yiwxa


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversitydinrgu ,8rozyk2*v++ , GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cliz+g+i8ur2d,voryn k* max community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statement0 fip5wt b5e, bep(az.s is not correct in describing the changes b(zae5pfp.ti5 0w b,e in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usi.wfcmpp w3 :0+c 6sz bn7ebs:png a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to inv(5ft(q:+1l(b 4qn w rorbt qkwestigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesrwf4b k+rq(n:q1tl(q( 5btwois



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldjpok.+ e9gloc2.kt;g t7dr) s



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle Aay05 7o.* ,cxzrzmmfc . On the first dayyr70 ccxf *mzzam.5 ,o, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple rt1rpus **-v1d .m buobeadings of the same fa1s*.uovubb * -trm pd1ctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment use5c adk5 b)jn fu(4ghb:d in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow hvzfe, d+la7, Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow C rsbzdc;s,rsgj:27ut7a3 79 uyjq gm-reek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the fo p5ytreei1 z+ dit89ght4f94kllowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) ty4 f+i g 4iep9185d9ztehkr tspecimens.