What is the best definition for a sped0 r4ueds-i a)cies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rov,( vo0t 5qr 3tovn(f5w;dqh)rxe9 vak k1q- xme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What wz/q 3z 0lg6t/riv. gkis Factor 1 ;Factor/z0 lqkvtr ziw 6.g/3g 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populationk y6ujk-sb. p(


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schi)18mh4k yvaldstosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemgr8,s(ql1lx rys dp: ilq64rzx *(8gible the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are matu6r p,qxs *(s igl l8 r8lzxg(:1dirqy4re and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popvdy;p dctd8ou e.sd,-py18:s ulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf ef 3hqbc:*1qezw qk /9(Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected ik3hqq w*z:b 1/qe efc9n some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of 0h9xb:vol(z jn 7sf2fwk-k : m4x9es7blul) fa population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of deai-d a7fopoir 7 j59q:hd plants and animalsjai hd-9oo7f irp57: q.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in gpvr5b;y cwfgcjhl 9:1 re99idr/ w*2 food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale,l.*b1z0rxjrya* feuf)-neux 54/w wbep 3nr 9 polar bear and other organisms live and interact wi0p ruea zyrnuf.*rnbx 1xf-4ew9bj)l /w3e 5*th each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fs6cvcfba0 14orom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to )umjb3 90ugi5rm7 ap chave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many intecaj)730 mrumb9 piu 5grdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptiz(b9 k; yktkl.g;gh h1 1-2i7gdelwrjs(1 ttoon of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by r9 pf kq5iinfw)dn /*u4eleasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes breakk dpi495nfi)/f *qnwu down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati:sn(9fcf)zu e2ee-m fde6 d+uon system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of)5.lkj/lo hc64eupqyn z)fd8 energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Facp 4is ulr3:lc;tor 2sclru3l: 4pi; and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the;o8 w0:iw f iwl9ck6o,xhh:d;sn u- xv rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated -nv bu*r .he5w**6o3kps vdlwrice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giracky ck)nl9 2y 0d4c1 cnhgi) itfo/ i2i6.w7bfffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in i)9ob 62c) cyinnk2/41wldffcg0c. k 7yiih t the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energwng;w65+ p(az cqfti)y flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we;i-as))a xnvbd jfkl. pe00 (fb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed onn.vnfyp 7x t(: the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon.v (7tf:pynxn dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:s:)ggg ka *3pm


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movem8zg: 7qfq,8f78ao bil x(dcbvent of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwormw x f-*bv4;awxs that ingest and then break down and digest non-4w-xfw*xb;a vliving organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyr+ aj/x.i .,d d5gcy qlag9;fydamid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitie) gk-n a-)6cd zvbusqc4 -k(wpt )v+wj 3qe:vws of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphe/v -txs) z0t2nmz, yc3luc4g63 pic kpnyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filfam+ *kug / 6jt3k6cjnled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the fogu+ nj6c3/j*f6kmtak llowing statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformv0.hizmp(8u )e(hi h kation.

  Figure: A natural energy (f-0 ja7fuji ;yx s:9b pscpc*conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch r)d*bvgzu ;fuaj(- 5wains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discu;zuvwod o 50gc :( fiy+hz4wy1ssing a pyramid ofy1cuy+0d4f hvwg(i:ow;o5zz biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene+-o25o6qj 9lpxnthp;cih0f b b ulx+(rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for re yil;(x/ 7s( bq65elwlkpa8ja-y r i-ipresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food yo93j atskv/ *9oqox+web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil econoum .v2k3l 4jsystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately desrw+:c bh ,zxq; rk+.n3cus-docribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist inzznik. 9c7we- a savannah system with parasites on a cons.nz7ie 9-wckz umer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesizf2sooc*; soa7jj7i ;s and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Rejazooio j c;s7 2;*sf7spiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an i6+54h8 r )p+end u jzop3qhkixnsecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energ5)p xfjk n)sp:tw3o kjm62wl1y is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the6,lfe;gx kq5f1 8dtva process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohytq86gv df1k e;5lx,fadrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere toc8lm qq wi8 *l/1cl/9v qar)yn other carbon sinks. 8vc)8l/qqw*9/cm in1qr ylla
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that ehf 5pp -a s//heo9v*srequires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year w.9tgu cu.x j3


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements y u-8tew6ejdbjo hnc1: iea:ir4a9, 5 that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Pc5lcfcui3we 7m20tm0 roductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon1h ca7)-t3)sk -tkmt almru-a cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throd;4iwny4neb1iy 2 h4y,l z1cy ugh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystesfdt i:7x/s c7m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyse+eafi(8 b536gml3d o6b er0,cxvuqd tem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementvodj2w yuig/ 1.h,*q,wil 7fn that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a huj vzdunt .1htf,: 6owzt5+1il man-induced effect on the nitrogen cycn z5 th,tio6:j+fz1. d 1vulwtle.

  Figure: Average per capita 9weeu 4i6joz2$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversik)( .pyd lxon3ty, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses froyl3kx)n( o.pdm a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example oa 3febk7*hw 58 shsom ada4b5wa*t9.e f transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita t4+ -(w6jfwafu,nr zhw9e, o g$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was ca..(o owp6b:9z5rfpulskk sa0 rried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the expsl5sw9fo06 pok. bapkr( .:zueriment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages z1cud;o8 f9nw& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regio6l7w ypqy;nev53av p5n 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data f84eq 0/ ivabgnxn.+puor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy pt.b3)x33u1mnv/cj50lu qgw c z hpd -



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the 55*nrhsk6frmu (b ,xd followinu m6, 5rs5rd*fxknhb(g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climabewd.+4r,g( dem f zjv;o wi3:tic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characteri.wm+b3jd ef ze (vr:diwo4,;g ze the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rkdr a:fplvzq+dxwn t.en( 65j p /vt-m.-6hn4ainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related tq 20ut djm4)elo diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of R:q.6rvdn*h q9c* g h o3kwu:ovome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of v386 khh + bluz.olju9two herbivores in different biomeo6uvbhjk 8zh 9 .3u+lls


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progre th gtwt5gk8dz6qb, r9+-iuk4sses from a pioneer co8tt-dg hk4gir 9b5twzqu+k, 6mmunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing u, r.gc cel;1 1xvbo9ethe changes in produc 1lg or;bu9.ecvec x1,tivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measur+.*lq r*(;waij4 btbbrqlnd1;kq sw (ed using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investiga3xz( 3bq/ocw -3uaw (/ anoexyte the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis ozcx3oyqwan/(/uaw ( 3exb-3



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field m *ug0)x: dfi)uoh ;-ocpensmn6p.:y



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A krh6wa wc4tcc5.no 1*21rljn. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 o r . a cw41lrnw5noc2khtc*61jf this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to takesnxj4 v i)xav/v71mox9:fdg. multiple readings of thivm4sx:9dv )a xg/.j7 v of1xne same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecol,ch;gl01p;zqbwn fz j2* gw 2zogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampl ybu 9evgsmeoill2lm 4s3wbzd55- 92)es of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wili mb6 qxre.chte674x .low Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling m*o;u:aw:6d czhmgu , hotile (moving) specimens,wa:z hgm:6c;ou u*hd .