What is the best definition for a specie9ma t4wxa8 vfh)k4 wc7s?

  igure: Climate graph of Ron d0 9xv*t0z/rz j1 fpkj7ums6me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a (mk6h f9 amxh xu4-5pqspecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;qxah-4h9fk p6m5(mux Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a8kp) 9 5x dzf3 rmj10lx0fxpnv population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specih n 6sdv(mq3sak93on 9es



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble tq qk.7qxo81au 3poe3a2 kj x4the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the De8p3q 7 q k4aje312.koxt aquxomocratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organis(g9tozm5rw4zmctp 3 w2;f+rqms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occuqb lw,vt 6(wc; iso,))rmmy0nr naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 201()lw ) ms;io6 vc ,wnt0m,qryb5, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that bew+t0is 6xt x4wst reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains ofevh 3sx 87*szq zy1l47it nrj/ dead plants and animals. jz *e /vss 4qh1nt ilxz877y3r
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxiape wms)8v(2 6j kocydj,t89 kns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kil 3kqma9pjm(l7 ler whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other iap7 mk 3l(9mjqn the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost wmv kl)t*,wxtxk 8f ;8from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass w+t3e q 0fr*vj +;jciazith high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species al c*i;er+jq0z+j3v f atso interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct dejmuvngt+:;*t :bio 9ascription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by relg (;8rrhsb(qdnz h4l texv3 98easing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fun q9 4rn8 x (gh(sl8h3vdbrzt;egi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culi jqfh ij.o,; 9mt*bl5 nof1q-tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramscm7 zyq9 ery0+ 1fw7sids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe ai /:iiz9y dkm*h jua0ut/9j;i species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facto: yui9i t ka/diihz;/j9 0m*ujr 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthes u6p6 to :w7 /iac3wxs6lmo4bwis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice ep ;2nvm;pl+qfjx o, 2cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe: m 9o5osbmdgv.gb 9o9 and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns andv95mobg s9 o.:gomb9d eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descripa1ev.*u oym( ition of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food ,gf-m-xzr dy7 web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algao vl0uwoppn4. 2-etc.e that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds prod wvnlc t-o0..p2p 4eouuced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemii9 jt* ysynj74 s -l+9htn; gcu wkhtxkc;:0x3cal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of b(h5 g;wliasx 427yimcarbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms fogcux, e.1*fthat ingest and then break down and digest noxe*uc 1g,of.f n-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbersn)jx.k;-km s m


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itsswyid5pmmxxg8)45 2hk /y2ur prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltric/m4; pcby4ts bhloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawate// jttp-da 6ugr-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it nju6p/ a/tdt-g ear a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transf)kg( hvjai :qvy3 (s8formation.

  Figure: A natural energy conv x cl2 wa3qm/lv-yu::sersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of tox-6 8 s,gnc7 iw-pjuytiins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following stat v k7e 21fnc)fz:0 4urv gobw1xh;*buqements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomw*nc;z4f v7e g1hrku0b2b qfu ox) v:1ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of mfzgt2e /1 us0f- u2ce, t5bcpenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representdr2pt8hz q9*r, lng8 ting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marb18lvi y./vaz -+umy mine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web is1 9z e)wc5dqxm xw glkq.- lzz*i, 9l*57wwpvn a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that djf70k d2oi2ef oes not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with para nxnt52 y4oqe.sites on a consumer like the lnyeq5to n .42xions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correct8focf0a6n6 zneb sw)9 ly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Rw60fzfboc 8)96an esn espiration?

  Identify the statements that des w,-b6o j,ptr5f-qm tocribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form epq3. 0lb1lwm;1 zsbe lnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohy 9q:sny q b1-mw6+zxvz3yzx mp ,)tub9drate n u1xtpqzs 6m9 :z3qbxv-mwyyz+,b9)s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carb 6fw-g c*7sb rqclgv)*on sinks. qrfwcl-s )gv 76c*bg*
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that s*uulsoknef8qeb.:2t r/ b4/requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in hcnh( ,nim p24an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are t 7rt 39ocndr7xrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productiv :xcgeha 2)-wm2kr3jhity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diag9 ndas;bl.(cqram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbu6 dp*t pb)z hxrq;h1;on cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow tkm 1j7qjit-q.ud*i u/ *v6fz in an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial3)p5gh1zye o r agk/-ccv-(,b v*r xu2khr:ty ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of v 20x)uby;fd qdenitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-ind/db ,(o,az 4uugnm*tfuced effect on the nitrogen cycle.nd*, uagf obm,t(u/4z

  Figure: Average per 0*fz +ql .e hdg0-m*qstkkq(a capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP aidj lno4m9k .9su/cs/nd NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer communicum ds jn/94s9 /loik.ty to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following i)s* *+xgx dah0w jesogm;t;0b s an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cg3c fz i(1dhl.apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried ou 5d.05j q-(nodh96zmrl q jvcxt using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtain dc56.lqj0dm rx-( v 5n9zhoqjed at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows4nd lr+y: jimg1ug7 cxvr ;o.b68mbw- in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-202 g/uc./is2dk y0


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for ayo cd. (mq18782gvkjx0fcavm biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita mvo e,pau1zyx :+f)3 4opl+acly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’ kmkgyp8 07.zo1evpe4 ’by choosing one or more statements from the followe kpk7 py1e4vgz8m0 .oing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical pex-b 9m(v1y bvariables. List the main factors that character p yexb-9vbm1(ize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description q*bejt b0q.0 :jbyb(s of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diven;, mqz:w xxb1u7bm*v rsity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,6 z3z ;vjy.;j.kqpmk d Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differen.xj* *g gg3e efk5mune41,cjtt biomtguejek.g en x3 c,5 *j41fmg*es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, G2 39b3kh)fpl obsjn/gPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cp) bk 9o3jfghb2/n3 lslimax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follo+:uq xxpp5 b*owing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary boxp*+x5u:qp succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured +gmrmz0h,3 k/ lvcjm 5using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of ios2f;r02)udpm1+ ot - ytrug temperature on the rate of photosynthesisuy2-2tmp1sog f ot 0)dui;+rr



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in b )6j g(jse.46e ujvajb, vib:a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of bw k xygvd *m,h-gp*-s5eetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, mv* -5g ykdgx-s h*pw,of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it l5(.m c gumrq3h5k(aj is important to take multiple readings of the s (5r3gmcmkqu a lh(j.5ame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used;w51 ys3twbiu 19pclb in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow C8p)k1jh-1lt r x uilj-reek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sat*btr4s gc4;/0nxcddml )iyd 2qm65 kmpled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectiah-** mpi7ng vve for sampling motile (moving) an7*gpmh -vi* specimens.