What is the best definition for6k dr( efio*l5 a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,t6n yw-gpej hqx) b/6tl k .)ntycf4)) Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that couldu5 vqars q5p07 describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?s70 5 vpqar5qu

  Figure: Growth curve of ah njfu2id u;*d61ev6f population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of7 1v 3axz3ccwk a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thasi22( b.9hyh 5-zpy d-e lwqvht resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also grwe9-. 5iypd-hqzh2 svybh(2 laze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groua8( xej. bj)ykps of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grednn*27zv oa9-c9 d dfby wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area 97oacfdv 2* d9ndnb-z of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflet8: ureksf9h l4i*.ltcts the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snai7o pv/h8i,mn 1r0 (2pplo lwzals feed on the remains of dead plants and animal/7,0v(lp p8 2zaro po1mihnl ws.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of to blidro( 1 es rfa54g*0p)(qzhn)j wfe+6k/w yxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer wha5kb99yrz bm;e le, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Obkr9ez ;m9y b5cean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost3eon8h qwd6g+wqz 968jgse i3 e,x:hm from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tallvlew 09az r-f8 trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environ era fv98w0z-lment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statementkw(u9- ba jyfdd04v 9f that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasingux4qr5uz2: lg digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves,lgr5:4 xzuuq2 and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rimb 8xawk )0tdv8g ),zfce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids ore+c9 hrj.g)fv m8jf.g sn+8gf energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is.tzs8( ;mx f*pyy.xij 4xx0 o5u/uth l Factor 1; Factor 2 and z o* 50h/mxxp s.;t4xyuuyitf( 8.xj lFactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of pi os56vtdrx s6e91i3t i1af t9hotosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation rygu f0i+nn24 system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hz;/rrh63w( o hbkt)t ras stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six ot3 (tb6) rzh;r/wh rkmonths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorreeuff;+k *dl8;n9kl tqct description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food es 3f )cina z6az)ak1;nu 2hj/web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that l1*azsn-.k d fyw 8k*dwive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by f 8s.w*wkdak1 d*n zy-zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionuf;cu1: ij)e 2 b:pked:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in thekelr.z3 w :1. vygkffws lz)pyw*6v): ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like mg,tc 9,ln*t aearthworms that ingest and then m9 t nag,lc,t*break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of l. fhlpja 7.eapf-853k9vcc jnumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey b+ekgi5 x sfgir 5kk9h 8;qf9;


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphen1.2 o5dpbi(i/ kuo+*a vxc sujv-t0 qzyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available s4nogcjcu d9.ht.;n hh6c8 l6sa.v d k0eawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, h 46stloa0d.; .k8dgncu hvhcn.jc6 9some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the -zfe1m/2vwskefxt u,/btz6j2 , ay(xfollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy sm.ravy5;v *w conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins t0o 5vucwtcs/0e7/ko/,ll3e7wh gnnin food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is falseo rnne 7bo8,sz)j( *mk when discussing a pyramid of bik)em , s rno8(onz7jb*omass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneiy6ob* /8+wlr5ickti zr p2 .ubb*:z drgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystemex7 brr,;pb0k .

  Figure: an Arctic marine f.pnl7) k)w pmv ceos+(ood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sois ff l+fj k+/-cx27rgml ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement 68wjreitj6u z m+;rzk; q n.;lthat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers tqh 2o/tw. l7 0a9 uz,-edwxktlhat could exist in a savannah system with parasites owoh2 ll/9zdktewta. ,0q7xu- n a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesi,be gupl(rr0( s and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiration?,b g0 lpu((rer

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as ku w xllj+ :2t9;n.avph1z8fran insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from .b .zi(bz):z(zcodm 9xz hnw( ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxil6/ kzbj3ybna/(f t/9 kig h69sle,lzde in the air to carbohydrates.l/gjszn fzt he l y9k696ki/a(bl ,b/3

  There is continuous cycling o n-fn15+d-)g sd geaktf carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. e s t-k1nna-d5+dg)gf
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycw mr- g1,9gpp*x sh au5gnk:a/r a-cj:le that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem9c .mfl*m rdy*+1/fn8 ;j / omadezgtc / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that;s. 4cp59ym ip:vcxf h are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcula to 78x bto9jk8-6k,*hp5x r.ebq fngkted.

  Figure: A simplifiedd,u8eaewl0 wc . 2ocp6 diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through t 6.nv;s 2fdgzwgk;q 1whe carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ef qlmfe- fo/)+qq2 0ekcosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in glrp+;3xw f0 1fcsmv+kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement t0 0fwkptw/r:mu 8xh5 xj -iot7hat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced efhcxsvz* zm40 9xjmf 8*fect on the nitrogen cyclscxxh4f*8mm zv *jz90e.

  Figure: Average per cap:;r* 9lwvp-/py jeb t1od sel:ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPPzggylbvo0,we4o 7;(;qz lb5e8nz l f9 as primary succession progresses fr go(l e59,ln ;0 bq;ylevw7z8 bzfo4gzom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tran+. zljo9brw3nsformation.

  Figure: Average per ca2g05f7jvpn-hrk b,d nw u7g 5wpita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried ouq h;3*q qkpv.p7r536 a s1vgvsnp yi.it using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obta p kq yv3aq57 n13phps.iig q;*vrv.6sined at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows inqa:t9m ba x5 k*aheky8v*g; xhx 7q6s: GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishp-x7v 9ryo*0v n1 rsfrsdm( f/eries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biad;rs(m) nt+eu+zg 5mb, 1ukoome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of9rri4c tlp h*/ Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by :im: x2lt) :loo.iuj bchoosing one or more statements from the following. m:)i: 2o ll:uxio.tbj
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns a2t qey/pz.a2f(k7 qi dnd other physical variables. List the main factors that qit(k2/ fz q2p ead.7ycharacterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforesd, -bqkl/u3 hot biome.

  Identify the correct statement rela dbbu7 ,3zwp2rg )yfx8ted to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romer fyqbab*s7 k+of i:b+.)er ,a, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary pr/1,wzyq bzmf- oductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biom1fybzq zm-w,/ es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPPr c 5 kqaki4ehtywb,2.;l o-(f as primary succession progresses from a pioneer .h btrw k4 qal,okfy-(2;5 icecommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followin-lmi a7ezex,s w. g rsh-+/xt8g statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during psir/smze+e8gla- ,-wx h.x7trimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using38:4 iri-o sau vo8h) *nossdj a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temper cwqwzoj dm163/6 b040m hoxafature on the rate of photosynthaxom 3 wz4j/6h dm00b q6f1cowesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldz d5y 4m+is w-zl hwt /gaij6g3056lre



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps q (ltb)9)tefpto capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were (eplbtf)9qt) beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multkrt 7g;:5//tpv addntiple readings of the7v/n; t:gk5/d drttpa same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usedi;3ibwzy2 3)dvc nvwpgp*1 n* in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for t hkw0c26 yfua baex(v22p5s yn8s*(kp wo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in tfx/o3oiqvta9 yk7hgqj+* slg ,2x- 4vwo parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampl gs1tvy3pz*dwr); 8xqci 2( oking techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movrt(dp; g3oszq 1wy8) vki *xc2ing) specimens.