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习题练习：Physics Unit13: Temperature and Kinetic Theory
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 作者: admin    总分: 86分  得分: _____________

答题人: 游客未登录  开始时间: 22年08月07日 11:04  切换到: 整卷模式

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1#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State the zeroth law of thermodynamikxpni7/t7( bbcs.
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2#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A bimetallic strip, consisting of c31o*a u(2jypo6w nlf-l nh,wlyi.0n metal G on the top and metal H on the bottom, is rigidly attached to a wall at the left. (See Fig. 13-1.) The coefficient of linear thermal expansion for metal G is greater than that of meta w-.wlnal6 yo3honu,pilf02 nj y*( 1cl H. If the strip is uniformly heated, it will


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3#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  When the engine of your car yfza389wz em /heats up, the spark plug gap will

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4#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Consider a flat steel plate with)zuq ++n6nwjq a hole through its center as shown in Fig. 13-2. When tzqnqun+) +j w6he plate's temperature is increased, the hole will


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5#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The coefficient of linear expansion fottbh +b6y*98 lo lz2w4izv*x vc:3pbkr aluminum is $1.8 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$. What is its coefficient of volume expansion?

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6#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The surface water temperature on a large, deep lake i /it ox3u.iv/bs $3 \; ^{\circ}C$. A sensitive temperature probe is lowered several meters into the lake. What temperature will the probe record?

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7#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Which temperature scale never giv5eirfq+qd(1 res negative temperatures?

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8#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Which two temperature changes are4znebj+q .zvq y.-)r ja8)ql r equivalent?

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9#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The temperature in your cla0af vxf*9eq 4ossroom is approximately

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10#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State Boyle's law.
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11#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State Charles's law.cy5vvi)xk;vwgly f (i0: t4)p
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12#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State Gay-Lassac's lawx4a3 ik(erqm ,.
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13#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container of an ideal gas at 1 atm bj l-r8z( ba v /b 93qtha2ygrdlv./7tis compressed to one-third its volume, with the temperature held constant. What is its finad /bbrg9vrj./l(-zbt h 3atv8l 2y7qal pressure?

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14#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  If the pressure acting on an ideal gas at constant tem4qcrnk93f4pc perature is tripled, its vofk44 c9qr c3nplume is

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15#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  According to the ideal gas Law, PV = constant for a given ;ybwf3l6u* ; ccoors+ temperature. As a result, an increase in volume corresponds to a decrease in pressure. o cs*rl6f+obucyw;3 ; This happens because the molecules

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16#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The number of molecules in one mole of a subst)g qdty(er7 hh2u2w w)ance

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17#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container holds N molecules oq0gd/*f 4jo 2pp0rh n,gkhql3bpo*0+fj i1jf f an ideal gas at a given temperature. If the number of molecules in the container is increased to 2N wpj23 oh*0,k pq d1 b+jin0frh fp/*g04lqojgfith no change in temperature or volume, the pressure in the container

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18#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Both the pressure and volume of a given sample of an ideaz(+ u9ucj o0awl gas double. This means that its temperature in Kc9zuu (j0w+oaelvin must

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19#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The temperature of an ideal gas increasrj3wdl (bz; am+ 3qw1jes from $2 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $4 \; ^{\circ}C$ while remaining at constant pressure. What happens to the volume of the gas?

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20#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A mole of diatomic oxygen molecules and a mole of diatomic nitrogen molecuteli/:o)0ulfx nu .,hles at .,of) i :ltn0eh xlu/uSTP have

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21#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Consider two equal volumes of gas at a given temperature and pressure. i;-w zwivg2y-v/ kp1q .v iluc4re-b+ One gas, oxyguir+w p -c-2 / iyv1 ;lb.i4e-zkvvqwgen, has a molecular mass of 32. The other gas, nitrogen, has a molecular mass of 28. What is the ratio of the number of oxygen molecules to the number of nitrogen molecules?

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22#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The average molecular kinetic energy o*1c9sxb0 v bnrb(bo 6yf a gas can be determined by knowing only

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23#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of an ideal gas is slowly compressed to one-hal1+4npbetlhb 6f its original volume with no change in temperature. What happens to the average speed of the molent phe+l 6b14bcules in the sample?

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24#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of an ideal gas is heated and its 5 *lh:vbhgtlvk)-dm8zo/7ye Kelvin temperature doubles. What happens to the average speed of the molecules in the sm8y g7tk5e)v:-*ld zlh/hvbo ample?

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25#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The absolute temperature of an ideal gas is directly vi4lg9si,el 8 proportional to which of the folloilve98,si4 l gwing?

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26#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  In order to double the average speed of the molecules in a given sample of ga2c. ; mt*ejb9t p2prp3ny 1vcos, the temperatur2c9t;pcpyeto* 1 j2m3. bnvpre (measured in Kelvin) must

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27#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Oxygen molecules are 16 times more massive than hydrogen molecules.f4uc2 -7htxre( zbdx- At a given temperature, the - zh4 x(uc27xrdetbf-average molecular kinetic energy of oxygen, compared to hydrogen

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28#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Oxygen molecules are 16 times more massive than hydro+,gt5)bpwu wogen molecules. At a given temperature, how do their average molecular speeds co+ww,p)obt ug 5mpare? The oxygen molecules are moving

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29#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A fixed container holds oxygen and helium gases at t4*m33.uomjfifr b9 qx4p 6eh qhe same temperature. Which one of the foll 94m3orjb *f u.m4xh e3fqiq6powing statements is correct?

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30#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container is filled with a mixture of helium and oxygen gases. A thermometerf4bdg8ei l h9vn27rc 1 in the container indicates1 vrhl cbi2e7d4fgn89 that the temperature is $22 \; ^{\circ}C$. Which gas molecules have the greater average kinetic energy?

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31#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container is filled with a mixture of helium and oxygen gashe + d8fg+h5*zwadpt4 es. A thermometer in the container indicates that the temperah5d*8p4 eg+zdatf+ whture is $22 \; ^{\circ}C$. Which gas molecules have the greater average speed?

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32#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The three phases of matter can exist together in equilibrium x hpvcxs1v1eq 5w3d+ . qou4.lat the

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33#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Supersaturation occurs in air w vrzes18k(;n cza.)zno. ee;qhen the

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34#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Express your body tempel0y n,xub e7bv :1qm;xrature ($98.6 \; ^{\circ}F$) in Celsius degrees.

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35#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Express $68 \; ^{\circ}F$ in $^{\circ}C$.

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36#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Express $-40 \; ^{\circ}C$ in $^{\circ}F$.

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37#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The temperature changes from 35eF during the night ,t)cmyo 6*8won8q9 m5mu9cr (bnzjwp to $75 \; ^{\circ}F$ during the day. What is the temperature change on the Celsius scale?

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38#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A temperature change of guf--ys9 1k tp$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ corresponds to a temperature change of

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39#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  At what temperature are the nvf8n/tu6 .5p9dju xsdumerical readings on the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales the samed5/6nvd psut8.xu9 fj?

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40#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A steel bridge is 10i,nrq. ogemp9rr73 , n00 m long at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ in winter. What is the change in length when the temperature rises to $40 \; ^{\circ}C$ in summer? (The average coefficient of linear expansion of steel is $11 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$)

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41#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An aluminum rod 17.4 cm long, pz1p7k3t xtf+ea3.wlp r ;pd at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is its new length? Aluminum has a linear expansion coefficient of $25 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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42#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  By how much will a slab of concrete 18 m long contiw yz. my-67p :*ef cxwob/e(cract when the temperature drops from f ycm:- b*yxep iew.(ozc6 /7w$24 \; ^{\circ}C$ to -$16 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The coefficient of linear thermal expansion for concrete is $10^{-5} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$)

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43#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A bolt hole in a brass plate has a diameter of 1.200 cm u9u6pl 3k f,l:;pmysu at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the diameter of the hole when the plate is heated to $220 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The coefficient of linear thermal expansion for brass is $19 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$)

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44#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  20.00 cm of space is available. How longj +ssl;vsh.hbe w rgx393.s 2k.hdh m0 a piece of brass at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ can be put there and still fit at $200 ^{\circ}C$? Brass has a linear expansion coefficient of $19 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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45#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A 5.0-cm diameter steel shaft has 0.10 mm clearance all aroo/58m .mhs * oga+nku qb9/4 uqc 08ruwzmez.wund its bushing at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the bushing temperature remains constant, at what temperature will the shaft begin to bind? Steel has a linear expansion coefficient of $12 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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46#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  $400 \; cm^{3}$ of mercury at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ will expand to what volume at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$? Mercury has a volume expansion coefficient of $180 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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47#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  1 L of water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ will occupy what volume at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$? Water has a volume expansion coefficient of $210 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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48#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The volume coefficient of therm-1qqlxc0:b jrkavhxqv 0/r8v 5n8js4 al expansion for gasoline is $950 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$. By how much does the volume of 1.0 L of gasoline change when the temperature rises from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $40 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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49#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A 500-mL glass beaker of water is filled to the rim at a temperaturehnd;9;-w kxcw of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much water will overflow if the water is heated to a temperature of $95 \; ^{\circ}C$? (Ignore the expansion of the glass and the coefficient of volume expansion of water is $2.1 \times 10^{-4} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.)

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50#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  For mercury to expand f.deo et: ; -*x:tp ptcst8v;hhrom $4.0 \; cm^{3}$ to $4.1 \; cm^{3}$, what change in temperature is necessary? Mercury has a volume expansion coefficient of $180 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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51#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A mercury thermometer has a bulb l3g-rj:kk x.r zg st7fv3j uy3h1q(j7of volume 0.100 $cm^{3}$ at $10 ^{\circ}C$. The capillary tube above the bulb has a cross-sectional area of 0.012 $mm^{2}$. The volume thermal expansion coefficient of mercury is $1.8 \times 10^{-4} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$. How much will the mercury rise when the temperature rises by $30 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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52#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $^{\circ}K$.

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53#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}F$ to $^{\circ}K$.

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54#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}K$ to $^{\circ}C$.

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55#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}K$ to $^{\circ}F$.

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56#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Oxygen condenses into a liquid at approximately 90 K. Whs(+lxxq.ugm .at temperature, in degreesx+ su.(qlx .mg Fahrenheit, does this correspond to?

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57#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas occupie aoer+ a,p84pes 300 L at an absolute pressure of 400 kPa. Find the absolute prae ra4pp+8eo, essure if the volume changes to 850 L and the temperature remains constant.

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58#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Two liters of a perfect gas are akl o9y z.*lmfj 8h9a-xd94qslt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. If the gas is nitrogen, $N_2$, determine the number of moles.

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59#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Two liters of a perfect ge0c5)kcd7 i dxas are at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. If the gas is nitrogen, $N_2$, determine the number of molecules.

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60#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Two liters of a perfect gasrjsy ,uu/0 y 9jm4ld91av.p3jm u(zqv are at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. If the gas is nitrogen, $N_2$, determine the mass of the gas.

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61#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  How many water molecules are t4 4tbxeze4n i)here in 36 g of water? Express your answer as a multiple of Avogadro's number NA. (The molecular strub)txe4iz4 4encture of a water molecule is $H_2 O$.)

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62#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  How many mol are there in 2.00 kg of copper? (The atomic weight of copper isyz fm 5wa2/cm q)d*7qf 63.5 and its specific gravity is7mqqwm*c dy25a f/f)z 8.90)

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63#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of a diatomic ideal gas occupies 33.6 L under st3 he ymcyg6y o, na1gq;f*o(l7a prw,6andard conditions. How many mol of gas are in the s6l(,y*6 h a7 3 f,ogaeogmrw1ycn ;qpyample?

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64#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas has a pressure of 2.5 atm, a volume of 1.0 L at a temperatu2 bi0v7kmlh0d re of $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many molecules are there in the gas?

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65#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas in a container mu*8(zc iwgz f/t:2h zof volume $100 cm^{3}$ at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ has a pressure of $100 \; N/m^2$. Determine the number of gas molecules in the container.

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66#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of helium (He) 3oz, 3h-o zie6ddshg -occupies 44.8 L at STP. What is the mass of the sample? 3 g-h6iz hz-oode,3ds

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67#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A 25-L container holds hydrogen gas at a gauge pressure of 0.25 atmapfn1uift- : , and a temperaturetp-a n1iuf:f, of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What mass of hydrogen is in this container?

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68#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A $100-cm^{3}$ container has 4 g of ideal gas in it at 250 kPa. If the volume is changed to $50 \; cm^{3}$ and the temperature remains constant, what is its new density?

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69#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas occupieg4n4lzg;1tt9 f) )pjj lavg u5s $600 \; cm^{3}$ at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. At what temperature will it occupy $1200 \; cm^{3}$ if the pressure remains constant?

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70#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A constant pressure gas thermometer is8aa/8g b3f ad+nt0isy initially at $28 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the volume of gas increases by 10%, what is the final Celsius temperature?

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71#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas occupies 4.01axenx q88cqy 4qs:9yp)n ng) L at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What volume will it occupy at $40 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the pressure remains constant?

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72#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A balloon has a volub ju112hrm, cnw*m7h ov 84vpyme of $1.0 \; m^{3}$. As it rises in the Earth's atmosphere, its volume expands. What will be its new volume if its original temperature and pressure are $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1.0 atm, and its final temperature and pressure are -$40 ^{\circ}C$ and 0.10 atm?

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73#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A given sample of carbon dioxide (eqn)9b,py .m1 (9ye ; vdyxan o(3ts2(lfdk lv$CO_2$) contains $3.01 \times 10^{23} \; molecules$ at STP. What volume does this sample occupy?

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74#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  $500 \; cm^{3}$ of ideal gas at $40 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 200 kPa (absolute) is compressed to $250 \; cm^{3}$ and cooled to $20 \; ^{\circ}C$

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75#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  $1500 \; cm^{3}$ of ideal gas at STP is cooled to -$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and put into a $1000 \; cm^{3}$ container. What is the final gauge pressure?

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76#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas has a density oi7o(de)*uh (icp z7mp f $1.75 \; kg/m^{3}$ at a gauge pressure of 160 kPa. What must be the gauge pressure if a density of $1.0 \; kg/m^{3}$ is desired at the same temperature?

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77#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas has a volum:h omu/jmf6j9e of $0.20 \; m^{3}$, a temperature of $30 \; ^{\circ}C$, and a pressure of 1.0 atm. It is heated to $60 \; ^{\circ}C$ and compressed to a volume of $0.15 \; m^{3}$. What is the new pressure?

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78#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A mixture of gases containsnqcekvnqb-*:jk0; 7 c c9ud(f 15 g of $H_2$, 14 g of $N_2$, and 44 g of $CO_2$. The mixture is in a 40 L sealed container which is at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the pressure in the container?

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79#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  What is the average sepk5g a(c. nx7onaration between air molecules at STP?

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80#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  At what temperature is the average kinetic energy of an ato,2 :ijew .0s3sbirqbre;s9 he m in helium gas equal, srw se.0e2;q9isjbh 3rieb: to $6.21 \times
10^{-21} \; J$?

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81#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  At what temperature would the rmhikec wo t-,-.s speed of $H_2$ molecules equal 11,200 m/s (the Earth's escape speed)?

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82#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A cylinder contains 16 g of helium gas at STP. How much -jj-z7oz4* p cwhg4xrenergy is needed to raise the temperatjro *pg whcz--x7zj4 4ure of this gas to $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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83#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  If the temperature of a gas is increased 6pce1qlq7,lt from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $40 \; ^{\circ}C$, by what factor does the speed of the molecules increase?

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84#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A molecule has a spee5(hu +(yordy 1yvd; hyd of 500 m/s at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is its speed at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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85#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The molecular mass of oxygen molecules is 32, and the moleck / hcui5p,f;zular mass of nitrogen molecules is 28. If these two gases are at the same temperature, the ratio of nitrogen's rms spi;5k/cufp,h z eed to that of oxygen is .

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86#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The molecular mass of nitrogen is 14 times greater than that zlv4i6hhu w .m2el0z/of hydrogen. If the molecules in these two gases have the same rms speed, /.hwle m u0 z2z6h4ivlthe ratio of hydrogen's absolute temperature to that of nitrogen is .

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