Which of the following is-- *e wzvsfhz. the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necesscb2b(ajb 0/ :gho gxj/ary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average 5xv :gju3/ivt kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to a3/:i ujvgxv5 ts

  A cup of water is scooped up from fjxx,(k p(:7nv ,pepqh3 j,mca swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the watjh( :f (jpvppeq,,kn , 7xmxc3er, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends e ,tz;o9b19xhbnzk hck dq-04z(ztw +on

  An ideal gas at STP is first co k -vb pb06uyfb3sv8e.mpressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constan-yup3bf6.8vbsb e vk0t. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal 1d: b. qxgiu:uenergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do ;zq98kb :wpmxnot vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific -wig33fs iv8scp; toxdej*,.: pjcx)heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is add: . dcsfi8iexpt-gvs*o3c)p;jx ,3 j wed to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is majvtciob5 *0/m0 fk0jxde up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. vb0f*o/txcj0m5 ijk0 The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state vf.c q2 q1 ad905cfixris referredd5 fax c qr9vf021icq. to as the

  The heat required to kf/m9afrqh2; change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred tor;q akf92fm/h as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at ap/bt-qq9as * a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes-lwyz8i. uws3

  When a liquid evapor 0m/*wua ujfi7 7y*f- sl*iuqrates

  When a vapor condenses+44wp-:.vk a a3juat ho v4aid),onrlcsk/u5

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses isck:6 61s3s 5z3cqdz mzzpc/vnto water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temp:d6v s3 mzc 13sqc zk5sp6zz/cerature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiw;6fv/cd-a+jmq1 lp tling water causes

  Equal masses of water a 2 s0: 7nihjvud0qunh.t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by mea gw*zni.qp-z8fr; 8 rrh.-qms ns of molecular collisions is referred to a pw 8*sz-ngz m-q.q;8rfr. ihrs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hotinbu6a8 h vnunkn+;45 when the other end is placun ah+n8 6kiubn;nv45ed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a b w,jdfs;y/dhd /r m04piece of wood. This iw;40/sh, drd/ ym djfbs due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall bun vj..(efmhbu(dm 4 ozc7kd08ilt from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temde(.m7k8uh z f4(j.c0d nbovmperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermalvzz bs idp*15gy.t ho 8x,.3oj conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material ofvd1.yz,pb53 *i 8otg hsj xzo. thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from 58ylu++eqvgme 80 k swqv 3ui9one place to another is referred tqs yi3+ 5wv8qu +vm09elgek8uo as

  By what primary heat transfer k 2sper6ye5v/nvrkot9;z. p7mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurxd6v 3b bd*8gy

  Which of the following bes6bmqi bm7)f2 tt explains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body tempera7mq)tfbb2im 6ture?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of grag (izsuc(.f(afj iv4 -vp6av)vity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currei4(zfui(va f(j-apgs.v )v c6nts caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built fros9ov l7yu:.)n rhy7v5 yu tul9 wbg;.km the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside tempur9y .7yw:knt) l s9vub lvoy;ghu75.erature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does t/rh9./nbnqvl + k4quwhe radiating power chau nkvb 9.qwn4q+lrh//nge?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to acxj a nl9qs,5,p.qksss :fy(-s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Su i8rzq.o3u .yan warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equ4*/*ez.yreq g zazsd 7ivalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is)35im34ae s ye +ye)d g5cobkwspw3-x equivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the x 5:sny,ih4wntemperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg 2gz r(-eett q9of water, what is the resulting temperature gq-e zttr(e92 change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origin2f5v1m- l s.8pcryowu ally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg qs kl-j)b;s /txcce/-of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of wdq-os, whs7w 2ater at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron amy ty8:v-. *:tbu6zkrw2hm hcnd 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases 8*rtc- : h:2z mt6vy.hwybmk uby $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of ma z je,416ez xz7ow:woetal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at q8l;uyg8m0i h$95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atq z0nc u(kq g..q8zf3s/al *et $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally:ae* u0ofi0vg isolated from its surrouf o*a0ig0:evundings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted ku pb+xvqo,9iyhw0 n;2lx/t 0 to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuri/kp 9b t2uxoyl,nhw+ xi;00q vng the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls doc uj;zj,z kwovoiv98+*3rzx4y7und/.syn 2rops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by whaw3;ouo 4jyc dzn/8inyvzzr+u2 sk 7. 9,j*xvot temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. i/hn*rq3*a/ugw xn5mAssuming no heat loss, how long would it take t hn mr ain/3/*qxg5wu*o heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg tku )h:pa d1g+of water from +tu 1)khga:pd $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mamj4 7gbnmxal )y : wggo*i65-wss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bladeyf,6mv)mg abz;6k 4re (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed 1e+* uwe/jhuo ikuypqq hc9p7(-3ks 9 from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is zi 6y4sv8wjlv ) ;z-ro n(c;imrequired to melt 200 g ;l4v68ic irmo v ;-y(zs)wjznof ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 1w(v (mju)ud2 /gr lbr20 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs fw+ bw* p2 pio,ik5)j /i*bzovto be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 8f :2 lhqot,3at0 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water inhg(f +otx2u ;mxm6v1w itially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at /ffkxh pmyrg,y;;-;v u2 apm+$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is ) qe.w4 orrrzs1aj 2)ddmn*islh43*lneeded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram o95e: hhhm,6rdx z x.lxub h/y-f $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 1a./9- uh,t93dg zo:mdwyqoai 00 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially arfd9 *o9f l0xwt $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and theu:gq3nd qi00kkh w8q4/dutd 9 heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its m 4t/3kdwg q00uu 8 ikh:qqd9dnelting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete i-8 ayg,:lrxc* qxv q0ho*gk 8ls $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brasce,td a. )4bdes. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The cbde 4,at)d .erods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm 3pjch rru.--kdl9 x)x.e( exz5ky+ etthick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperat -zerkxr+ .ce(td -9eh yj5 kplu3x.)xure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If thu8:-;hn5i xq- tgekkje outside tempkhk8qt-jig: ;x n-5euerature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section o7 vd((virv,v y(o k*qh4e *x,gmx0mkk f concrete ( e(7kvym vr(40,,x (v mxgkd**v hokiq$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat tdao ,wri; fv99mlj3 8ahrough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperatuz78hwk5ih zt;s 9c)*c1cfmlfre if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the tevm-:wy mgr1j1 mperature is monitored by measurmy rv1g1-:mjw ing the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when i pa34ho-3k uhrr*fy)q oha ;v *cf(2kkt is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collect4i 9nyv*i/m8aywafl 0.h :j lpion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.