Which of the followi go ry t kk,t a8/qzqck0.po7d5fhh)(7ng is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gralm2tkm t*,1oh m of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy o2 ntelv: pum+k a+;q 9pavwj:mxr,00 af individual molecules is referred to a: mq+pnxrk,2au vav:ej+w0l;mp90t a s

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimmi,ot-r7e hg j5h g*d9eung pool of water. Compare the temperature T a,ho-gg *7tuerjd 9e h5nd the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of a /ooi6sy 2w )ip9kbki0n ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial);tmk ;gj ztl:v qtf4/v76m dy volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this t);z:;tq v m7lj/ 6fmydvgk t4is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with interv 2j86*u jhqv,qwt- wbqgw58n)e ssk) nal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not varaa39j6dl.q 1thmink l;2.shey drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has zae6zvg(v99he9z poh:a9wa + a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calo( o9 ezvpe9w9haghav:69z+ a zries, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hv j -gm8y7srb3ot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermaj -y7v 8mrgsb3l contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to thqsal*s)07sa( fj 8cm 9zys1cbat-7f oe liquid state is referred to as cqlsab07c1-98 7os ) fa yzsmfjt*(asthe

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to thkcyc.y7 8 ;dnie vapor state is referre.8 cdcn7 iy;kyd to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady7i zc vgnmnt7p406: m.ri :elo rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze5 0nbaw0zefic.+j. cfs

  When a liquid evaporattos u 8zkel-l rr-j-.e3m,hi,es

  When a vapor condenses7bniv/71m u2f0*2j eqio2t duhtsmp g0l.x3q

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condend1 +5i/,t aysjj/bve lses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. jit//s,jea 1+5dblvyThis will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boic qvic rdb6*;4ling water causes

  Equal masses of wateoqi ok+6dp9e6pqq i98 p4+jrwr at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows bj-s wb( bdt3:plwpd8 2y means of molecular collisions is referred to apd wlstb(w3b d:-8j2p s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doesro 3qn7;x tunz 5fc9w) one end of an iron bar become hot when the other enxnuqtco)wr7;5f n z 39d is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much col.pn8jdrr2 n(( 7salbh der to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in whicl 8r .d sbnpr7(2(ajhnh one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a walg 20h; ,hnq6cakal1pt l built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across0,n;k h21 q6gphatla c the thickness will

  A layer of insulating matezwci3u 0m0h38(g: fnevxr) m;;k dw qmrial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal th f;nmc38:( xrg zw30mqu d mvi;0)whekickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules fnywy9+hn zg( 1rom one place to anothghzn1yw9 ny(+ er is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on xe h9qu +)1rxua stove?

  Convection can occurxf *llps- b)o)

  Which of the following best explains why sweating g,l.pbk:2 9u72 axklg oeo( d6wne2 nyis important to humans in maintaining suitable (w eklo 29:2l6ngbe2k,7 p dn.uax ygobody temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environf1ik-t wbz 3)90evosgf5kq 3/4gclwument where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heatc1gk0i gw-su5/o4t )zfbe 3 9fwkvl3q er, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectaihpzmxikful:u 3 t12l1x/2i5 ngular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Cox1l51iz:mxfhti l/k ui223 pumpared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temp wuk(+mr1v9iu-eoer.0en r n7i.o;fb erature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radrioirmr n+1enf . u(wue; b7e- 0.kvo9iating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows itn;/* dz1lacxn the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat tran) f.8 *z)7k+lkt i zsyyqikidj2h: 5xesfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much hea b7qm;nggh+,j t?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent h bb8icxdksv(7i8 670rs(gnt to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature x0 zr) ccgv0c0of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting tempe3r ;zj.ie gbbb. 8o-+hq. ihygratur-.. er38obghbhjiybzq.; ig+ e change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally.2y4 ck uya.ez at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.o1q7ycd(l u8 i0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath wate jnu+:k jnuj-2r by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0m1csu*elyjz/+8o 47t 6lh smp.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the geth6ps+m yo8/c mles74lz*1 uj ar if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heate:xqnvvh8 x4;z d to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copsu+cym/sq5: gef: hz(per, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ad- gj1 ;7seobce)j5txt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass object9k3ac6ml(r4 iosr/z ps make up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an ia3(orzp6ksr 4cil m/9nitial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attem ixb0ts9kc)vt2gdf:5 pted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one vsftk0cx :t5i 2)b9gd expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Ass6 u*h3xmy2eezuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal ezx6y3m2 h *eeunergy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heaf.t 1wg9rz cmq08;or j, ;hagmter uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would .,ggtfr0q1mzh8;ow9 ;jc armit take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long , cp x-k6jbxk r(ug.ycr 73h/iwill it take to heat 20 kg of w7 u/ic3- 6 xjkrb.hk(p,crgxyater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, zo 8o-gav*jcxp0 *e 7qnrw ,g.$c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knig,+jf7t6jshc* zs ; bafe blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam t63f x2 sy9fjjttf 5l rpco+*(ko change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kkpa y)kkxbc /:o (nb;.dfx*-scal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of skpb-cb)/.(kfy k * a;xon:x dice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chand 9weihuj- j*.;;pnv vge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fro3:.ys0l54k 9xs3ndpvr pkuwqm 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at w.d ceng y:1x/$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initcdy03s 1; dmatially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a22g, mc3ha,px 1ycffvt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is g1 4i:st-u)5 mixbrfc needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requit(r +k,yty+ic xv 0)ndred to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 1005)(qgpjajib*l, p1g tp;t :u l g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by alqvt.);65 n8kdfhb hq,2 uve3kj . rx,f-inktdding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lf3 hbvym lg ka+gl+g5jm 9)w8.ead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kckbl.g l8+m9 gfw+)5 v3mjgyh aal/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity 8t4m,nuvv)n u.ez/dc of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice thathrf2 d q1+ay6thbk+6 -g2e kkyhe8ig : of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end k 8+b+1i6 2fhhyk:ee gyh d-r6tq kag2in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. e00 q.8hf1yp m kya qby6,,tww If the outside temperature yq0 y, ,k.f0hwqpw61yma8ebt is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the out6*iob/ 4jnjaew(zldtgd, n8 + side temp lt4o jn/6j( d e+az8wndi*gb,erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 qe*4xg9x fy4l hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (e xylf4xg9 *q4$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 ca7mo:sf,9 tu,-8x u.b zeyvow5n iywm)l of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature5 mwszfm /:vaa0fg w.--vi z8m if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refin8f0* chbt.ekx s/)nzhyv)a c9ing steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a sma.cn8b0c *za))s9/xt ykhvefhll hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating eneon07 1fvsf)ce rgy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar colle82+dmcd hdw5-akgkkdy(q2n 2 ctor (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.