Which of the following is the smswwr 5xv-,7 q+tzk7wgallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gr 5ie,u7kqqa i9am of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic*2rp z38a. dlctyxhp:l.wfk7 mge u 4. energy of individual molecules is referred to astzg 8:y .e a.w.cp fprxl7dkmh32l4*u

  A cup of water is scoope (furnt1jrx5gd - 5rk9d up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pooxrgjtr1(9rnk 5-df5u l.

  The internal energy of an iq)a39p8cl/uyq mu :082l1lvuznxfo q deal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until ipdvydhw 3- f+f*29aegu2tq t duu9 p;9ts volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is ph22 pud 9fwuu 3av9;q+ *-tedd9tyfgdone while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy l+zyf)10el19a clh qhtt 6(w cm71xouU at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vre/)xqls00 :t : mendj6p+ihoary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity tha:bnwr:,t:lu 7ncls(w n iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is trur: w:nw:(cls 7nu ,tlbe?

  A thermally isolated system is made upoq 874fe:-nxyp qrek gm/ nt84 of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper koqp87xmn- q/ 4re: y8g 4tfneare in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid sn.bd9iv yd3l o 53klv1tate is refer .51id n3ol9lv3yb kdvred to as the

  The heat required to 6 i.7r90leydzs d7gm fchange a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as mre9s.d7lyzf i76gd 0the

  If heat is added to a pure substan2x.giwtufjm( k(mh0a,-qo8 vce at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes xp 4(x.faq3:2ijm8hdxo ol / xjg;s-(q4gwiw

  When a liquid evaporateuwp y51)3eodki-i 7bls

  When a vapor condenses5 ndhop;a5x8s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get9e ueu swmc/7r/0 go7x bigger and bigger until 7xw/ 0 97euo/cregumsit rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame underfky0 ernot hnfw/.;tc )h5q/4 a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water 8 u,gkkfiar aav79hzo/f- dm3: )wjm/ at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means od ad.pk,h; y kmzl6v1)f molecular collisions is referred to ashlkzv,1;da 6 mdy) .kp

  By what primary heat trans13t zx zvyy3b*fer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other3y z 3vy1bt*xz end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the tojl: 9zj7qvuuhloa 4v 9c,uc6 0vrt0l3uch than a piece of wood. This is due to the differ64ujl ca llut ozu0vv3c9qh 0j, :79vrence in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall bui4w7 vp.a -,mrrq by5sii,xma5lt from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperq,r7 . ai m5,paywxbs5vm-ir 4ature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating ;. 7d)c *)wipmje0 kgdchkd 8fab 9ve7material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conduidkvw)gf 7;jpha dd.80e*e7c m9)b ckctivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by tf0snr xw- /wk+he mass movement of molecules from one place t-wks/0f rx+wno another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated y. b *cwk/gkiza*7 yccpv9g08on a stove?

  Convection can occur-*lgrhjkk3u hq-us x ibx241 ./2ayyf

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is impt*.9q ud /om 0a.dlikyortant to humans in maintk*ldoq0y9. tm u dai./aining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of p8 nl3 v25dedcgravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cab52v8dn ced lp3in is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring damb )oo ,)+ivrectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to)mdv)ai+b ,o o maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubleh3e s9kos7nqj-7h;-gldu 4dn b8)yiz d, by what factor does the radiating power change?kzue iyd9-s -3gnj qn7;8hh4 l)do s7b

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium to:qg: k q2b,yis referred to as

  By what primary heat tra irfk1h6 uty.,rwa1dwp u- 1i*nsfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much hb ;o:l xpd(nyfvqy0uw :(zs*x e; n.0ueat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent hv.0v j3plhkc2(ibo :to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperaturep9 gf3)2gweg whar3cdgts,5xs2; 1l v of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of 7tmgb+r z.t-wm+ ou6x water, what is the resulting temperature change?++7rbu6g z-mwot.xt m

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is ot 0et8,k d (-tbycqr*jriginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the swsexw2p hsix: 7g rbdq ;e-14-+so.qtemperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water z7g8x /kn5iw pat $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of i4th;gq g7u: dxron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear qt7g4;xdug:h if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heate-89ebd 8jlt8d* hz*7ph vbwodd to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of cop:3bk/f ec jqfhu618hdper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at* ,kz;whk ie4a $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system thofuf 5, iqvltbc-)a :3at is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature of 5uli- v,a) co3fqt:bf$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relatr;o y(,hhjjbzq.l3djs4 y hwvc7 i4+3 ionships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. Whbsjd4qwoyly,+(i3h3 hjj;r z h.4 v7 cat maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. llbe1 sb37q.-f)my hg Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal ene7 h. f -ebql1gbl3)ymsrgy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how longdxxw-gv.b ebydh+3vk 2 u2q.b2gs )i9 would gkibbh 2dx-d). +wv3v x22 bge9.syuqit take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg off1 x2tvtpnh, 2 water1x p22f,htvn t from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 ) -:joq *+j(dltd rnhsg, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife +9he/yexcd2:d5gjneq u 7x1ce+mlkb5f l(3u blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed fromu*3i sj6lq ea- steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is ec 7sx-0f u*ixrequired to melt 200 g of ice? u x0fceis*x-7

  How much heat energy is needed to cha +ct mdb;,3h np0u,7uue 4rlmunge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be remou 8x(bca wgfu( -6a;etved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice i c s 4;9p3 ;qy c;*m:2s)dxmujcrztqc7:gbqnat $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initwvou9wcv)g c g jezgpfwz8llx4,;y1 6 88v83x ially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at s 4 oupcd+0cq5ac(.tcfwrr3) $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of wa2r thx(5 jctmqm,q1m/ter at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to changeg bxf0,/ g* 7yup ;idbxjq3u- x0k(ffla nv+-m one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required h.su* hw. *ekyto change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, in6tbm) u nzlw*r2 2bkw64 (klsjitially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of v-)qk 7-m/aylgrg)v bn;vlo) k v lbz,-aporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting pn /g ;vq - - g)oraylmzbvkk-)7)b,lvloint is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of c8 5-5lj3ub adwdf* egdoncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rodwyrw:rn5t c8a2 xmlrp x*+- t8s (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained* l+a:xryrtp 5wt cmw 8x2n-8r at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1c0q g7 8hd9pcp2k, otz.5 m. If the outside tempp,c8gq9kc o 20hp 7zdterature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. rrjj z:6)i 4bx If the outside tempe4: jr)b xrj6izrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 39;2mad(jv efq 9gnc*z3)ngxsd p1g b( f;dbq 3 g2d*x99c1)v jgnz3naps gem($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take tn b0 b ufxc:cdx:c1.rvln8: i8o transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat isw1 d ,:tez/howbpv3-c lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature i3wi; th. vxhc 0huoh-6s monitored by meao;ixht 6w3 0.cu-hh hvsuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when 7.xi3 oq kjuug3y*l.,w-n ljiit is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collect1 0 h*/,bi picjy2mg;ym6vcrlion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.