Which of the following is the smallest ulu.8t;9ag6szfmha :b k-4b a enit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g.prrx2l6a yi *krh)/ pram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average pb54wu7lm sh;ly zsfa8g9.s5 kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred tow 7splh ;58u 95b4gzs sa.ymlf as

  A cup of water is scooped up from axk z78,l9nubp swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the wak,x79p z 8lunbter, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas deppxei*s dn p9h+j u0,8gends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initfhg qn(0 qa9,og*4a (ek y)tiwial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internw( yfiq tq,oak90eg ( g)h4n*aal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U g.cu*a,dy2o 5 b(w igfat $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean tempfk x ( mo4pbw4j+/2 y7q2fhbqieratures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heatvtsw*kciy4 nq n0 29ji9ns41t capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equ*42 t14t9knnyn vwi0jqi 9s scilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a co)td7g 2 ,h4)hlto*ucukk nih5 ld piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more 5t k)gtkc47ndhu2) *ioluh ,hthan double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a 1( k, q9rulyp vrkcl:qm*m 7 gu 1sa284hc2qtwsubstance from the solid to the liquid state is refe8l1km9qg*:u wvtpk27m4r,u1c rs l hq(caq2yrred to as the

  The heat required to change a sudv-.a 6o tlf4bbstance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as- 6ad lb4o.vtf the

  If heat is added to a pur se:lwi.ni; xm6s t/y9e substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes(1qnj 2t- av/2fbbnh j

  When a liquid evaporate, c hyp d(;wcab)f5bz)s

  When a vapor condensee/f s ;3z:do5dvle u,g:5liyys

  In a cloud formation, wate q jmt.pverpqp658:(o r vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the tpo8r (:.pm5tvpjeq 6qemperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boili ,enbgh*k8 m(oio*n+4g/1oy:kepd6 k 4 ljaucng water causes

  Equal masses of water atr*v-2 4kf9 diyho/nom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of moljs ;my/zf x r50,nju(eecular collisions is referred to a;,5r0 jf/umse(x jyzn s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bnij*x.m.yr ki) 6yb9lar become hot w6.iliy yx mb).9r*j knhen the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal fs4yjgmym4f3m3*9* e dn+: tdb uiji:t eels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one tb*ej3simmd:9ifj um 4*:yy4 3d+tgn of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous materiu3 v(eks.l5q7q+xp sial, the rate of heat losqi (k3 leps5x7s.uvq+s for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal ewxf34 prb7 n: di30zwconductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thidi nfz3bpe3 0r :4wx7wckness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from v qlz wvhyk4 m(12w:t adh.2ou1.w-ehone place to another kmow.l: (wh2.w-ateq1 h1hvuzy4d 2 vis referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a sto , -jw;uqeoq)np0 xph3ve?

  Convection can occurzd0e cn6b:ig3h ij l2+

  Which of the following best explains why sweating isd( 2:bb0b*n0oh f rmwd important to humans in maintaining:bd r*m0f0hbb 2wdn (o suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceler:rjf-4hvbf.h6 fn v .6z,ll4t dv9nloation of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the conv- lflr4v,6zj :hldtvvb6.hnffn 4 .9oection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same matet 8rvamm(rdk;lr,(4wrials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need hr(r v;k( ,4mdlmt w8raeat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by whnax;f666q3j)wiu 2 vwn bj*inat factor does the rad66bw6nax2i;u) j fjn *nwiqv3iating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence;zlruo b)iqj l20fy w*y5u ;d- of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm thec+5uj0, 4xtgr3ais cu Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how muc(t)to5 xcp f3uh heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wo dp0orln 19:+m5mwihu2ebu)5os (x xfrk?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed toj td 12fixrs2( raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat ix*:o;e.w sx-dd8yqy g 5( ulifr 6upi3s added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature chanedx oy.6p;r 83fsuii*5 lxyd-(:gwqu ge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blocg1;lgop9 soi 0 64dvrgk is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperatz44 uzxv 3/jkfj p.kg,h3kij4ure of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her b mzt04jtd 0 fk)fscf, em,or2,ath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of c6awhqcxsd79rg,g-: php9:n q opper. How much heat is drx9qa ,g: : phpgs-7wcnq h69added to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is b/zf0ls. o7mr)qpcc7k m x;m3heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppo ef8dfty-6w f8ok g9u7z6 f7her, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a ps zb5i,pb)z(kply- 0t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a* ka 7p1dryj 3h3(b t3azat/jt system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One objeckat *373hrtz(pbtay3d aj j1/t has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explorejas*b*) c 6uyo the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperay*6cja sb)*outure rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a dista3 f;+5uifiox7z pl4f wnce of 50 m. Assuming that allulx+z74i5oi3 w;fpf f the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, h6bj melhqo:2 cou ;;4z fbj5.iow long would it takb24z;oe5j m 6 :h b.cflijqo;ue to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long w8z *kwlknpf s5n., qu7ill it take to heat 20 kg of water fk f7nw8p 5kq*un.ls, zrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1aioa -f md/.yx 92k:ye000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel *x /vp 2bacdy*knife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from st3 /eu/y jh1wbteam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/pz,eqrgd5z :. c.v /ccj718 :kjre3 bbnbwtt(kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 e .zcje,.w8zgqv/br r3 b1dp:75k(n t:j bcc tg of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice aj0mu7+ydb)qp t $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fr81gyl gpgx- i*om 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kgoutz *a1t+ .3 k1dvwd(ix yb2g. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water i.xu. lwpwkd4/th oft,:g. ; pdnitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a:yle ezzu4svwf7 37o:t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kbm3wk*u:5a(pl d ,i n hg6m*tgg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requir)souv*o p71dned to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g * 2mtuxc(nv v5of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot te;vivx58d+jilms ) s5ea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and tbjpqj9piq .h;2rf3 9xhe heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poi 3jb;q hqp2prjf.i99xnt is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivi , /y oy1n;qe(*e+rq dypzm;boty of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (onem7djal4.5 3kul.pu vybou oug5i4 /u5 aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to.5/ugb5yp u.o dl5uom3uji 74lak4vu end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick c9 vwlhh/oe jsov+0yf-+ y5+whas dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempera5+ oyh 0h w-vo/j9ev+clf +sywture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m b: zsur)mwf h 2sy66kd4y 1.5 m. If the outside temperz:k4dym h6fu 2ssr) w6ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concret 6- v3lavlqe3e5b1r gpe l3 5vqe1 b63-vae rlgp($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of(*zhg89)juyd *x 0 husr5psdh heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal o a+jqxdwh/a8l ec)m6*f heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steeas,ph:/wz7v q l, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant poswz vqa/7:,hp wer emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radhxt (j(yht,p1ndf*1wy :xwt 3 iating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists ins28mtlc ahe-*eh l6*k:l/pd)m nwei2 oide a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.