Which of the following is the s2rsn:s m -op(fmallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat ner kl21bxs fmq4p,9 p: m:xjk;gcessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual mopm xevq9u7wt0ia)3 7u lecules is referred to w77ai9xep 3tuqu0 m) vas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming poo + vi8e:otl/9mp g7 ddso8nxz9l of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal eno t98onld+p: mvs8/xd7g i9z eergy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depenw 7uf;zvhe; xlrpya5d9jz 4:. ds on

  An ideal gas at STP is first c8kh2,v nru,h ,xkcv6kompressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this isv 86,vxnh2,rk, kkcuh done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with intq9g:t c0u(mv2y iroy)ernal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastica/v 3fd,mdts *vlly is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat cap-ob sit,2rsch / .jy0zacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of ct.2syroi,h/b- 0szjwater and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of 3+ f8csqqs7f caluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experienf87c3ss+ qqc fces the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid(z wwus 1qyf70)qd tw- to the liquid state is referrefuww( d 71-tqy)qs0zwd to as the

  The heat required to change a substance fu*rrq k,:(kmvrom the liquid to the vapor state is refer*m vrq(, kku:rred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance ata.1cte 7evb*ev73 yv s a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeb fnnwl fy1 xjjr5.k2t7f* r9/b5b:mvb,(soxs

  When a liquid evaporatesfm rwm md 41e/aog;(gq*t81uz

  When a vapor condenswdi ,/+xgw2xmg1hb *ees

  In a cloud formation, water vapor conz8go x6gu*7,a -fsxfs denses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. -6uxz axf8s og* ,7sgfThis will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of :xwf3, :yunmfixpr 3 amqk-3 9boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at ua7q5z pevxj 4m1;qzs )a(at.$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisionski*sp8sx;aqk2 ):gmz is referred to asz;qkk8msi* : 2)xg pas

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end ocbn4q l)gg b /ll4zjt(3y*qo+f an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed lb*jc4+gtb) qo /4n lly(gq z3in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of mel1mpo9d+z/l71fx xv d ;xdw0ntal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference p;0xmdx z dfvxoll+ nd17/w 19in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous mate0 ba08o psznb a1o4qygr4;u)hrial, the rate of heat loss for a given teg8 os;z p0 bb4 ayo1naqr)h40umperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material wn0fqmrj)b7. hjm,l b)/ 98na usx0wxfith thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductia0hwlxr/mbnj.jn x) u07ffb ,qs m)98vity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by q7 yb2by8 gad8the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred to asd 2ybgq 8ay78b

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?xml)z +vq6 1ua+0 mpt luc)b*b

  Convection can occurjcmp f 1d d1,4foel5y1t, frh9

  Which of the following best explaoatzh enx i:y4o/6t3 )ins why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperatur/x4i3noheyz)6ot a :te?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accelerati y x0y8zc*iaeyh u (xbx(93ue2on of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this h9x0 y 2u3ez(yybaxi c8 hu*e(xeating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. fe zjx.3j*zw99gws vf 62w-t4.aubeq One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate thaxw3j-zufa 6t2v.w*wfzb49ej q eg.s9t heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radmi v77 b4e57w+p a6f6rb;rsj twrs6uziator is doubled, by what factor does the rawmbtwuave676r4s s +5rj; b7 fzr 6ip7diating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to a6 cwj sbj3-h(s 8avev ay*98sks

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the xwyje5+sl( o(.wo0on Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equi *yhf/ jjzaftn5qh2bl76 t iut *ep07+valent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat iseln4d;nt :i3oi vo+ j( equivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of le 8m +6izh j;nf tep(va-y5*rldad ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is0n j ak3jsrr1/ the resulting temperaturea 1jknr 3rs0/j change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blo*l,wbxcij7p 5 1y;m ncck is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2br(lmi : k3u0dryn-6futpgbl d52aaf)5 9 f,m.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up a oeum1f t0p6l*l k:6zllw35a her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and /mdfuy- :c aq/yc/cvvr(3shm52n fmkw mt5)1 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added tom c/rycc5 /h)ts myum k512d/: wf-(m3qvnvaf the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatoy ozxe2l (r +g,uh4:sed to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initio,iz w )/rz0qoov 30jtally at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at pr17ojgzw,h( $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its-c +xj-iis vg-ux70/gc3yt hk surroundings. One object has an initiaxgcu-ijc0-+ txy/i-v7hs3k gl temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationshr1xxxtd,mc, rlz(s 9wg)2q k8ips between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a dxc)xl9z,1 qr(w g txsm2k, 8rwaterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a dista3+sgg,a 9 9;efazvhwence of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is convez; 9aws9g,feeva hg+3rted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assumbn1ac;m6zs 37ek+x jaing no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank fromxnabe1s+ 3m 7ka6zj;c $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg( aj* dew-gcjd1 de6b c7/qbd. of water f .dw-dd6cj cg1qe*(jb/ daeb 7rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (m 7.w* lkgcw 3leeuuo p. (9a03jcikg8jass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blac prm5k.t,f1gi8 ccy- de (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be +;p vtcos91bt7an 3clo( qtv*removed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcau gk:b( *3jgdjl/kg. How much heat is required to melt jg d :jukb(3*g200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 k.4 i .ih,0bf/:nv;qrae0 m7okpbga reg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 1) :r)ejqvgyq800 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of i, h9 ghq;0bpg*u/st k.uqzx-dce is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initia/zn( tz0w k(mtds4/wslly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water afz6y-ev 4mv0dt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg *0 :gqcpq;e7zkb7 az5wlh h 6r8 olw.dof water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chac;iahc +lp 1xh3z z-c/nge one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to ca fqld w:.. 7fxnkak6 0:dq9hnhange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, inifrqrf0(.1 je:z:ib nrb 62fivtially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead a+a3l/sgmkky;0d5 g; 1 rmtcw is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcald1 0r yt3 ;g+;k5msgkwac/l am/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete i:7z.n 0bv,e rdfu7juhs $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one am0/3 cehy.o *ylwryo jv1)g 6zluminum and the other brass) are joinedy)3woyhgzj6le1vc.0y* m/or together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimens0efp:1h h 0le8f,ifo sions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatupfflhe10o:h8 s, 0feire is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. t jwe*in /5i71jj g15k/mo yrfIf the outside temperat17ow1j/mijet/nkyi5 rgj 5f *ure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour throujkrsfk w/+r5-q hx5g8t lwi8/gh a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete wsqihwj+k ft /8kgr5x-r58l/($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfmkrho 6+n vy-.v 94 krv::t**0dfz(enihkzafer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside tktp- zot:(d b(emperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, sa w)ew oq-bc+zrd8 +l:5gn) sthe temperature is monitored by measuring the radian)dce5++ owgaq- swzn )slrb8:t power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the humazkc to,a75klmb.kr5m(s8i k 5n body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effecti2g rwy57ps-x78ynud j ve collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.