Which of the following is the smaas6d:c.m t1cft2 .w 3ed bozh8llest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of watl;yh7(s *,qst.nfqkd n iw+2eer by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of hopaggy)vo)2q, 5bw oyw)0j) individual molecules is referred to asowh))bv o )w g2gaq o0y5yj,)p

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming21 rk7cw-gc d*jqqi 0g pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimm kgcqcr2q017*dgjw i-ing pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends on3rv7zft+r xu/c ub9guy9.w v3

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half .)wv5pal:fauh be 6k1 g5 wcc0oh,k-ythe initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal5 6:0w k hbayk wu5ccpgave,hl).o1f- energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energya -vzrinqwh ):r/.nme.qt1(dr+r4 af U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperaturesipu7-g *nb;mr do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that wai gycpsy.c5.bawm,7.t: j 2qk ter has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron tsmb cqia5c2t7 w.y ,..:ykjpghat are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminn63sb ;*a 5yoitsxgqan; 09v ck3d 3lfum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The ;3 stnnk 6 v0 xacol3qgbfy3*59sad;i specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change ak2b-o 0 prmmx8d3to kgh5rl 7( substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred txoo- (brrm3m27 t0k8pgh l5d ko as the

  The heat required to cha maz zr jjo qmd+(;hp+kb.*3h1nge a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as thr+ p.1* ab mj;+mjhodqk(zh3z e

  If heat is added to a puomsixj3op 3atyd*-*eu zd9mrt :)32f re substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesiqd )z*i 5tb1;9izons-1zdzj

  When a liquid evaporate5;y+qvtkk7k9-mvqf as

  When a vapor condenseseg jpf .-*v+ub

  In a cloud formation, waterff js ;;gzq*jsk fs 8(y.fxj79 vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This j( 7fy j;89*f.xqfjs sskg;zfwill cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under ada*me/) 8hq uj pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of watero)24ja r5kzsa a,tq0j at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of moleculqb1aeajt) qt:9sfqqs 5y 3 hy- :2wn,tar collisions is referred to asqwn -fyt, 9hyt51 :ebj qq)ta q3s2a:s

  By what primary heat transfe q;+ xejc9bab(r mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the oth+;9 (bxe jqcbaer end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a p)as njslv 5m.v*u-hp (iece of woodj (anp) m5us-lhv. s*v. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall builtj9itvyd98 1 jd from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature dif89jy9vi jdtd 1ference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating ml7- 0avgen b 2enc xw 51)fy8u8atpwk*aterial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal 2-x w )70lcpaeyfu8ane*n g5 8bv1wt kthickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one p8zh:q5m0kzapgbh9izybz pc9;(, x(y lace to another is referred t h ; m59q:8xzi(c9pyzkpb hyzab( ,gz0o as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heat*a z3vneov3ok.x9 q mk5j7.s bed on a stove?

  Convection can occurmb r9; bu9d5 e4twkw bso5u3fvl540ds

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in main;o )4djzhbenl7hr *w xe6wc9cg7s l*;taining suitable body temperaturc geo 4*s6hwwjelnl97 ;z d)xbc*7; hre?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment wherm3*nw8 d c.isgpn5yq 7e the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is truenmni *q p3w.gcds5y 87 about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materiaf b-.7yrx/c2zh n;yv ils. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same 2hv/zf r- nbx.y7 i;cyinside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor doess :sk-jnk,d 9hc h;8ak the radiating ph ,sdj:hc a8k-n9k k;sower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred t6qjgyzczcee7n3:( 5 do as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth+kd 6s 2f 7.d)skckhvp?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to h0 .bwuy+afu0ufv.;k 8mmpk)kow much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent,om.a;fu- 7guk gcc,hj-iu t, to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is nee0 jc/ zctsw/c8(/ ike*ytkug(ded to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, wh :qjty/io sib.ze ;h75at is the resulting temperature changt 5ishb7:iq;o/.ej yze?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is 0 h+m1x xtfiz5s,ywl+originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg:17qkc oz9x ng of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by97 m:v:8qjz tmd;4uemb qbjo1 adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of7w28qqk s-5mt r3gfc t8yli q6 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear itsqq cg7f2 m try-85kqi68lw3f the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of u y0q zhh5g+f7metal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper k.dd 609s*vfkjx.*v ftudas ,, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material p2f*+jqcz ;fj6 uzkp5 /jg6i nat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system th 7v:g(ze m4ajmtk4,nq at is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One ov,tm 7am e k4gnj4q(z:bject has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships beguuc.4-hx, zj tween various forms of energy by measuring the rise ou-u.j4z cg,xhf temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance 1;y/y bf 1tc 5vpem(wvof 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, bytbv;fm /1p5vwye 1( yc what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assumin+,yrmi5lp he .g no heat loss, how long would it take to hea5h+ el.ymr p,it water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kggc -v y;:scknjr1c4 k8 of water fr41nj;kcc -kscyr vg8 :om $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (malckpy:8;1 hri ffa;cl.zlmv9 f .e46xss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (spel.zvx bg.i 6w)wu lwq*5(zl9 wcific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to lisg);./vamq f7; imiqvquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much ytlzm, 0.jvj(luk b)c w03;opheat is required to melt 200 g o ,uwlm)yvtbj0loc;(z k 3j0p. f ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice p 0gzpu 28f3o. dhx:.f*+ ggy-hxvdam at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 1k6jv9vmgww0 9rsi v3e 4.c(ly00 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of twkilj//l0(s+7 jd opice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initi*y)un8 t7fim tj:9fq fally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water az1j 8jp9 9tch,cx3zxy t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 uhyg(3-8g vsykg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required lmqf* 2lr) ,kuto change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 1w d4pbe,bztum6 2i42r00 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg ofdkr e.c: tc(s2gnr60n hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heaur1z2ys m( h+ft of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its sf (2huy+m rz1melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete isix7sdlyk 1 +.ec5a1u q1,zb pi $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one alu lvq .g46-p)1p qhgmmmminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maint).hl gq-m4p61m gmpv qained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m bs3os56ghf ej-5n k m3iy 1.5 m. If the outside temperature35s- fg 5h3si jenk6mo is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimuyo: *;l3vv lkpt bulm1 17ls5ensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temp l1u :mtvypl571b oul *3kl;sverature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m q l-2d.c1rpy4b(e c ,urhd:pbsection of concrete (hpbebu2:p,4cq l- . cyd1r(rd$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heamur 3ul*xp/ zes4q5cg l(j 3.ot through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal o28mjy-p 5 meaxh)qw*v*tg l/hf heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, theh9 lk+p kp7t6u temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitte9htp 6pk l7+kud through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the hz9wo0w divedhn 9867l uman body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar colpir4ena3 p+k: dm,w;s lector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.