Which of the following is the smalle9 ,a/sq 7mhch rnkhzty )/3lj/st unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temlg //4j0ylf) 1acfrx u: p:qkvperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of indivinrcv .tqk 7l4ok 29/ /- ei6fwy2xlxkldual molecules is referred to askvn //t.x c l7f4wy2kl xe-2qokir96l

  A cup of water is scooped 0b*qss6x,: e utzvw2.j+qg)kj(eenz up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and thnqj e(k w*:s.x0gzzbe62 q , esuv)tj+e swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends e j .n4vnyb49pon

  An ideal gas at STP is firsue7+oc0fq-ty t compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is docuq+fe ot-y0 7ne while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internalois/ m 6m9 fno9)duqg- energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures8lwlp5rb ) j;v do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that w be jeiv95u6+bater has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. e j+5vb69bieu Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum 3n(srbnlvi8 +zyzh -4 and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thi hvzl3y n+snz(8 r-b4ermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chm iw:a7iwc 8/wange a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referre:iww8/ i7 camwd to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state w.mw2:u. (t- owmvrhm is referre m.hum2w( wwtv.r-:omd to as the

  If heat is added to a m2xrv7 cc mo-*pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezessb5s,t0 k g, g,qorium(s 9l58ta+cyp

  When a liquid evaporates+4gy8qgovir ud4oa+ 9

  When a vapor condens ( +wza+vo9yebp6* tmfc4q5lkes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor cijav2) 4vzm q4ondenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. Tiv)2 jmav4q4 zhis will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a yo;z.5h vd0vdpan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wateucm 26zf,2 susr at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is r2 inosp1a1gmx(8h8c( r kzs5zeferred to as z5hg pm ik8c(8s1aro(n2s1xz

  By what primary heat transfeaq0 cr-mrj ;+kj-s -7jr:mqror mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end-mas7q rr0-k:jjrr;+- jqomc is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a pipdvw ,vdw;e 0 :iiis66ece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one viw0ii: 6p w;6sd ev,dof the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall chx 58i*8nn,6rouqf ybuilt from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference acrosrqocfy x86*nniuh8, 5 s the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on seg z3r)80/p/id t elaa layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers ha8s)l zdg /e03 tr/iepave equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heatthn 19w1hwkcc834)xv* rbtsb flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to anwx 8 91hhctrsb*4nck wv 1bt3)other is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a dqtd +t.meahj2 n +*9dpot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur5u yo/ , zaywj-aug6gog /0eb: yr7ce,

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is imporok4 :(tdr.* 5:bzlv:j/f/lrf aqtj2a ae4ds jtant to humans in maintaining suitable bo tfa5(rdfj4to*l ev as.a jq l:::r kb2z/j/4ddy temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the -7jl *u5bogjqcy:5 enacceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this huqjy *ne5: o-bgcj7 l5eating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same mater( /(b)1 iy9wmfve6r k0b ezn 51ylztdeials. One of the)(5tvmd1k/er 6 be( 90ibnwyzl ey1fz houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by wm, cs-moc v3 4fdrl,qt)9g*idhat factor does the radiating power changevst3dc4 fmdl q9-),,orm c *gi?

  The process whereby heat flow98h 8wq )duhrys in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the E x1fw0*pi mgc6arth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much h icz8i t44lj8ieat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to h9i2avxrm .(i2h6ip uigs a+r *ow much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g 4ol .8-f0ch 0sd*; 7 uqxiks phax/bwcof lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temnzfa7ifdkw:ck3:w+ i3 , c.wmy m85qzperaturd,:a i5mym7w3z z 3:8 kwnq.+fwfkicce change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is orz*xwyp) 97w:kl9 ikgf a r ;ct6jz,5cxiginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tea2 amfc;.p5(p3 ll pujmperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 Lt87 dt0kmw 2j8 1m)+xxeaxaxe of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0-sg bhiq4)j1a.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the h) sbg-aq 4j1itemperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated )f )xqh6 *o.svl1hje6 jvjr o(to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, v *yelcm15:h6*8cn hgiq ad+jinitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at bl ( e *(+cja)*;lnqxi x(tyqt$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its8 lt: tpqys- .nlzxx;o9/ cw;s surroundings. One 8lycs pz;wtsntl. ox9- ;x /:qobject has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule mfgen 1s u 5 +xc(h*)eea92vtaattempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expec*envs)e19g+ (mc5 uxef 2h taat for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a disqt gd2 ,b dk. ojwghst89*2c )*v0amwutance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitatiot ,v.g*bhadkt djuoq0s gc8w*22)m w9nal energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss,tq4g/uisy awa03h)+d jy:-jb how long would it take to heat water in i yj0 ja)3u +s4gw-t:yqa/hb dthis tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. a:kf qgum4*b 2How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fromum *b2afgk 4:q $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 10sj ;z*qse)6f opdk2*f 00 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel 3bk8u 4b,i65m wztmufknife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to6se,q tqq+whxq3w2 3r liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kgak8)yeckglgb.2lvuu5 x08 a 4. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of a4uxka0lg8 vbc y 2g)5eul.k8ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice at wx9;.p artu9h $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100jhxk)2(8rfpvuae p6 et k- ,q;cj.i6 t g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of iceuc+):m-rm.i bem w ro* at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water inivn 4,51 xxzeqmp6qlx 303aek (lkmuv1tially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aqkh nwg ,1vvxv)2r2 74p-wvxwt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg op a)7tt x9wpu8f water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of /ik )v.ofwp/i:9slfc3exa;c $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requirc b 6k,r*en2dged to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by ail i.zkymmi 5 mh/saa/+b-0c8 u/kb5wdding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and xel:k g/uaa8)the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal 8xl: /uaka)ge/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of*(17va. ditilgm (vuovj*/re concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (oneolc2rd)g ir bt..3m v7 aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and. vdlr tiob)gm27r.c3 radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions ofp.k +w,ye)*unwf ghe+3+m oc f 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempera+uhgc*++ fwpnewf .k om) 3ey,ture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thicku 5imc-k; (iwieu 3f3u zf0jw. has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature ( uu3w;if3jiei-ucm 0zkw5 f.is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will fl83m j-5n ci9nzgzfr-d ow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (3rf i98-jcd5-gz nnmz$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throue5uet)- 7 oxwukz*- 72ghyldc gh a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperatu4ws)dl5h wtv rvjj4.h(n 4v5s re if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace usemx(n o u/ry/.+ a0xfcsd for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radias/rc(0xa+uxomy f. n/nt power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is at 76ypxv7nc 21z, tbvxl$33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effectid8 -ukhr*2ofq -e+ y 8qemi-ev lu0us(ve collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.