Which of the following is5h04ka cdt k-bxcmpoc27:.2 kif ;s jd the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat nece95q kqm5)oyiai1v a4a ssary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to f.(n8hjzd 9p;v6gfla jtd:r ) atflr8nz;) gdj v jp:a(fh6d.9s

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pomum24;z csc +eo g/h3 /fp4hvwol of water. Compare the temperature T andog mcve4 s43m/h w/z2cfph+u; the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal g)tborqtg8a 79z q1,spas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial l 8psf;g 9qgxxka/ +b3volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initia/ga;8p 9 lx kfx+qbg3sl internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U31ja30 ewtq o-l3igj x at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperaturesrw o8zp7cpb (y p+jih ur/5b8;ub--ae do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a 0l3sk)qc jhn .higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added tohq j)03nsl.c k each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolatedboo iw598pl7v9txf(o system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum ispool 9(iof8 v57x twb9 more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state is re5pq w0b) baayucm f+ uzr(6*grx99wc;ferred to as fpuy(wu)c96;*xrcaqzmwgba +95r0 b the

  The heat required to change a substance from thek;yx8:57ywjra (b pjx liquid to the vapor state is referred toj xxyywapk 5j87;: r(b as the

  If heat is added to a pure su8g+f voua8qb( ncy m52bstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes4 :t)sz)olihp

  When a liquid evaporateb/rs*6xo11ri 3ebj bz+k sk01nhen a7s

  When a vapor condens dut3yj8 u vg y3)kwfe36l2g7les

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigg0/j- e/+bb0rt:uyk7v zmvl 6 noywar5er and bigger until it rains. Tyab:e0vm / 5/7 j 6bonl ruwkyz0r+vt-his will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pae0drg4kr3pry47m7/ li : 3/7lzk havhw0tb ipn of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water jnm/j+p7vhtkl8e s ,l o(cs(2 at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is rlmtug/ .6h 2gqoh4ue26t*od beferred to as* /626udg 2thbo4 l homqu.tge

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become ho4ysoc4l -xv: qp+rfc1 t when the other end isr-slo 1f:+x4cy pq 4cv placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch th ky5ac 8ptvg69an a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one o8kvgpy 95ct 6af the following physical property?

  If you double the thicknd+j,u1biivz6evd 9 nd:fu914bi o a 3sess of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the ratudfj isz,:vd 4u3nbi1+dib9o v96 ea1e of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a l8 ;; tboc2t*tto28r/ bqxoyndayer of another materialyx/2t2tq;bnto 8c;8* o tod br of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by t ( trit9f5s9t(v,hlyv6 /bdsqlg-. yuhe mass movement of molecules from one place to anothtgtrus9 yf lb(v - sldi .hq5(9/,vy6ter is referred to as

  By what primary heat 8og+7s( erwc,/ 3tou5a8uaimvbaty yt;i a( )transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur566 9mjlk b:ty;rekk5vz o5jc

  Which of the following best explains why sc7ne eu880u ghy 2zmk9weating is important to humans in maintaining sui z 8egmh7n9c yu20keu8table body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an ejx-8 aqc1:7zfc* iocf2 fc414xqdtxt nvironment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the conqatx1j* f74t czc 8xci-x1fd of4c 2:qvection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular hor 1l itl9g 8yziqvwg5wu 5vf*n/ 0g1x6uses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to bi lw l6f1ng5rv5yv0 189/q*wu gtgix ze supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of 9e5nzk2 slp5ba radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating nbk52pz9l5 espower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referr7mgy * c8fkq,jed to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm thh(cyf2owub( by4pu1d f0nk 1vko1i,/e Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent t+ 15,eglkpdeqzb68rro how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how mu ihlgvy*5ybre v8*h58ch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to len (.9q4w3ppnn 8) ia,ncddk raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is ol4/1krv c.clzwg94wy i/a9 qthe resulting temperature .w 4oyrg/lkc/za4ci1wv9 q9lchange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is ori(o1k f1g3xs.d n,cmnt ginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tempe( h/hg i j5.ujvko-n1a0kw3icrature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat fsm6,ud:mg s iii5*l3up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of ir,mzfgkz nk(h :.3c+zcon and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the tempekn: z3k ,c(.czhz fmg+rature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal ws9jmw/ 7d kukqa;:c.is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, ix5j-y 3uid/ganitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at (v lb- edgo,a9$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its surr7n to8, 5:-okjixlow coundings. One object has an initial temperature , :8n-owjt7ko5c ioxl of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between 21lq)odeh/v6 bj j1ru various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. j 1uh)jrqd/v6oeb 21lWhat maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming thaid ,g49ud vkh)zgq(c ;t all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what g ,ic)dgk qdz9;vu(4h temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assumin79 j/1v ad7nut 3 vfx;l+ arrz1+tzfovg no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this r/1a+az7u1+v9 vln d37xztjfvot f r;tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is use 7mft kl8vpk5uei cv5.v+holvl910 f4d to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wat71l+lkvf0v5h peo .c vk84uv5it9fm ler from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,cs hq * q,/,ksadixy;. $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade i9r )svsda:2j (fxg;d(specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to6b). h))fbvaqpj8f 3ak 4cesa change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is requirenhudik; v l rx2zj7on+ :p:q8k g8:(pcd to melt 200 g of ice 8r+:8hi;pvduzn gcq(: 7 p xk:2ojlnk?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of iceb5 eyk-;08h/)- 5xemi8cnztjbkuzn g at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be re:m (potu-a f9hmoved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal6 bg9( 3r 31kkvjvitwh/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially a .7g i6uj4isub auw(/zg+ 2jkpt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at1qf sc-xa 3jzoy7c (dw 3)1jsp $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change nn8ivm3.j/vvb .zt;u;9 tlc b10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change ;-s6et pttc1jone gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change h3(:aip*b uvd100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding i*n b)yu 371hl;8m(b9ek2v1d jnf s*gwye htxhce to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, mgls6 wa21j; sand the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and itmj2wl6s 1sa g;s melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivitye qh 7st e2a 4b1.fbe2f uv6lov7j7o)eiws:1a of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (j*.sg 4 9zcx0- erxaxh+nc*h fone aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The r* 4x9-ahxg*n.j 0ec x czsf+rhods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensiezhbw0.i qk 6ytatddy7odv 9h:;;*s : ons of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturz6::;qk.y iah; 9sebow t0t dhvd7dy*e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 mokb4 n-j xz+,;sw2hau. If the outside temasb-h2j+zkn 4;u ox ,wperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour tt6 u/lw*2m ,dmxboml+ hrough a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete m/ btl w,u6*+momxd l2($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of h..igeg5nrwwn3 4/(,d q vh hxeeat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is+o,:i sc2 rtvc lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitorgs fo v2o;.1g)ontqs*ed by measuring the radiant power emitted thro1) oq; ggst. *2fvnsoough a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating *wc *hg5i.h9;/ankyf s 8e.onnqyl (oenergy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective 96yb)4ld *4ew 3plm,n tp m/s4 jkxzswcollection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.