Which of the following is the s(invj0 1ojxoxzj .jak .lj): 7mallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of watec3)o) *3aeh8r9j azhfaqgf5 xr by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of z *m80t j.awg)a6.famzor4apph 4 jr)individual molecules is referred to)h4z ar *wrz.a 4tpa0j8pm )fgj ao6.m as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimb yunny1h.deb fg6 .1cp, +.ocming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the interc .fn.,ecy bdb1y o p6+gh.n1unal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gao hub f2xyl6()s depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is tx3p)zr wp39+vya9h75 as tx xfirst compressed until its volume is half the initial voluw hyaxr)p9x+5 xtztv 933pas7me, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internalqti+1orxm0x .tbq * r6 energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary d i7 z vq(sb 9j1,c:eobwda-e5orastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specif 3xbe8bw zg0u-ic heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron t-w3xb8 u0egbz hat are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a l:v +u+jppko,8p toa+hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which l+ p pojt+pvoak8:u+ ,object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substanc5ul* w;d t,dty.,l p7s fuk5, xs)oxjce from the solid to the liquid state is referred to,j,5du)ulx cwsdt t,*xk ; 5 lfos.p7y as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is ru63gaf q67vpdeferred7uad vp6 q63gf to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steann73 gqjo ci8fi q7lzne*/**y dy rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesady2f 1flv+ qyw* rb+4

  When a liquid evaporatesqwfs:8t9 6 dn;v2bgup

  When a vapor condense9vx oewcj 3 ptk-4sq*0s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses fo bqi:oav;t/29;vj tinto water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the cl/vob29i ;;v ofqt:t ajouds to

  Turning up the flame under a g+m(/6cwpnl/qmml n daj6+f i m/2h 6vpan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at+yt 7 rvk+lu *dsnzn58 $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat slxy6uf8wykbe)q: (h1 8v e/7lh8vd gflows by means of molecular collisions is referred to afe7ydkyq8g:( sl6h vbhw v)8/u8l e1 xs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron:; oxsv00ci;ag-pnj4m0 wthx fs5(nv bar become hot when the other end is placed in a- ngxp:v(0 nh0 jw0s;st54cfam voxi; flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than*i7wb pwt(jrye0a r l7is*b2; a piece of wood. ;i 7ai bj*pre0sb y7tlwr*w( 2 This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homomo3bx eeu-io6;1pf uo f/4ig 8geneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature 8obe -iu;o6gof imupf34 xe/1difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a laig1jb20dktl *yer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity og ldb *tkij012f the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules fyq)bs+tw2a 5b rom one place 2qawb 5yt )s+bto another is referred to as

  By what primary heat tranbp 7vp9cbc0v w )*g(resfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurvsq ;)9p kp34 -,i rfkz4xyazx

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in ;ix g88dx dr/tmaintaining suitable bodyig rx;t88d/x d temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acr3c43ss xo:rzczuj .k1 y,lp+celeration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, whaty341z3s+zjsru:r, o cklx.p c is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the v:8,:j pr4ae nwfppy6 same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would needpnyfrjwv: :46 eapp,8 heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a8w+du 9.o odpm radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating powmou8 + dp.wod9er change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence owu 54g4cwixww,z;) i kf any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mech,0zm9 cbus5m5x 5f+1/obstxrsrm 8 ynanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equiva xz0m m3 +go(/watei;oi;mj:slent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much w0y4+d6km ac7 r*bz0 fqypcqq(ork?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is neededike2hzy y(.n2 to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is ddeh 5w50n6x gadded to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature dhen5 xw5dg60 change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origin3qg qk;mi t:r1ally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg ofo5osn jkc 2b2p6. 1gtu material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.02luz1jcz:iy-l+uom +j*da blm w,b5y0 k( bk) L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consi jt)r3q xr)pp/sts of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear / )r)j3ptpxq rif the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is8ugv q;fr)dl90l0n 3r/ mellc heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, inieb)rc,-imqs ,tially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at ;lw pij+knt ln3z7i(kezej5*3 m*h*w$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from iuu.c 2d2wjuqkj/)q ( yts surroundings. One object has (/)ku2d y2qqju wcj u.an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships bgk;zh6locnx tk 166;fetween various forms of enero6nf h6t;kzk;6c gx1lgy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drop1d674mbq:pfgjn xq-kjs m5rv yy+))as a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal ene y)jqdnvqajm+1ksf:)gpym 7rb 4x- 65rgy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater us4e+m0bixnbj. l2yzc48 (sxz)y ;lvmqes 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank j bxexny;bl2zcqzv+.4 8)0l (4siym mfrom $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long sm;:fh 74z , c:xoextvwill it take to heat 20 kg of wazhsm;7e4cxf,xot v:: ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mapr2t:c5 e3 gl6x0e aryss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife5,+n xuby dsmzf2*z* a blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liquiej+owp1a g6jp wjnvsg ona9013h/-r1d?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to meyv7) rqiyp 8-zlpy -v)87rziy qt 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice 90cet p:;s avtat $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be remo boh.4u )v5*gqjk ehh0ved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kgd )a5f,kro pv(. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiall)4d,r hd-nhurny .dm6e)q tf9y at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water ate igxg2 u4av1cj,, p4u $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of wate) 2d-1gcqjp,ltpotx5 r at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to c*rq.d38-ca zoqir/vqk d gtbgp-* 7)uhange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requ 4fii,nh q olxx)-1 b3,d6mcs1htk)pbired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially.cfkx w hb8h l5,b.j2o at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion owegs397 t 6eito lh4l/f lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point is le64t7l i3h9w/ egots $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivv:0 qnnsiubg( l3ec5-ity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rodtela+/ -m :lizksxa60s (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths andm-es6i ltl xza+/a0k: radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 8nrwyvy6 g511 s dwi2 d)pxkl0m. If the outside temperatu ) 1lg n85ixdwy0 k216rvsywpdre is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m;b.ef-cnvrlg0dv: jx v* +a g9. If the outside temperature v.v*rae -9;j0lgvcn b+dgx:f is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.2zgx tcm(7+t.k gay,y0 m section of concrete k,7zat (g2+.yg t yxcm($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1 iy1 eyj0dc7i-i0 yc1x,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4k; lps:yc4pnl*) e hmx3w3oa ;000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace usedl:fmckpv+(1 zk ; n6zk for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small+f lc kkm 6v(1n;p:zzk hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiatinbs)v(v :6p*g+h)z0dsr on cxxg energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists i d0ry kfsn+8o.2 2+eme6vtme; lg3iv inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.