Which of the following is the smallest 7 a yzm zsv-7*yfh f:erim3)5eunit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat n(;xj*auhuw: recessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individualafb5db6lfrl;b jn)5- molecules is referred to d65lna;jlr5bb -bff)as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the td q*o tg0u*of8emperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in bot*t8 q0*gfoduo h the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an nu*d3(7cqslpd j.l)mideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressenb lv u)4 5tv)*,guybid until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the iniu) g)vvb4 tn ,5luybi*tial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal /w:g6p kk hcu(o2x n*sq4yl1- xfvc9menergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary dra *hi/ss;rjh7ti+u4rnd 2bqs -stically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat c / g4n1cn2/ 6z+vhqmzymiwv3q apacity than iron. Now, ccqn vng/4m6 3+ zv h2mwqyzi/1onsider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum an67panvk0ag i:yn e88 nd a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in theneya i86vn8 70p: ngkarmal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a s3/gk4ku:vsjwd xjd1 ;ubstance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to ud kd/sj 31v jxw;k:4gas the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is rem-k)uvepl43g fkl gv4) 3puem-erred to as the

  If heat is added to n6alsu42,q0.h uam u9zawp ; et 5kqm.a pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesai gsau1d)u o6rf+*6()q nfru

  When a liquid evaporatehd z*zhrs0df8z ) anqq ;h.;*vs

  When a vapor condenssd b xvo7ks4577q;pd7go p: roes

  In a cloud formationi e *uog27h gwd-ct3g-, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the u g-ito 3-ggd27wch*eclouds to

  Turning up the flame uzo m5:v v22,;favo wdgh h1zp,nder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of watere/twssk 5 z+1t pp2d*t at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecularjr.+n pk s+3k* nwj)+jini7dm collisions is referred to ask+rj)nnid7pj* k.wsj i++3 nm

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron b j2(: b b ngxy)mxr icf8;7hhvk1c 75w3ho9oquar become hot when the other e(7c37joy2 9n fm:k);1xchghb wxrvuob5 h8iq nd is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal mr06nvm piffs((2s/*f9 cxt rfeels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one / 2sf(c90r(tm*xvipfs6m frn of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a home0l8ahoa ) gg7 g3h*:4vfotwjogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given tempeg7*aewfljoah o :gt4g)80vh3rature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K a1 kzee00+ppa5s0zcs is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effectp1as+ze50sac e0zk p 0ive thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mh9uz154cjdd z4u z7 hwass movement of molecules from one place to anotherjhdw1 z5zh49d zc47 uu is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot oh9azmz z+wt/q *i7j4 jf water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurais 9 a2c (lngj4h vc9.l8rr4t

  Which of the following bestthfu76-18k0uikkc hfmu *3 )m jfm* adrelf7. explains why sweating is important to humans in maintainlfi hm mu3*k07ftc6juf-eak k1d8r. m )u7* fhing suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravi: zt t8 +nxu7yrej3+luty is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heatit:+yn78t r+uuzjl3xe ng?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from tzz. khc: bade82qvy1x2tc-td e a(x63he same materials. One of the aex81z3 dt62 byate dxc.h :k2-q(vcz houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor fo ui zxrbk,cgj 3jo(-d2x716 xq/g:f does the radiating p -1o6,bg3dk 2x ugz7fxxq /rjji:o (fcower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any mediu1p :lj:s q+ehzd8 s6nz8a*rbs /y,abcm is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doesn zi5,) pa7wbt5ei6kn the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivale ia 4ev4lu5l0knt to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much works:*1 ef1 z sak;0.vejr v-nzb .4siuat?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is nee.72: mqvkg8 c:kn onhrded to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.lm)wf je m;66r0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature chan 6lref mj)6w;mge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is orig ch ,p:fwgo4djp6cy uf(--sl.inally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tempernqj.;(w j2qg pn.gdq;ature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water kxfvrq15eov4ld 573 oat $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. Howxkmo t3x* ft00jkud u9e(.m6b much heat is added to the gear if th. kj x9 tdt30*uo(bu06 mkmfxee temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated t;x q1f4y3,wp8w, d3zv y q0m*idvizyzo $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coe p/,2i0fmi62pcvsjx pper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atiaz3n: cnk 1pbaxu dqmqr45a(f6o *.+ $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated 4t*uotw* qw)- ro amn(6mbdtvdty( j477o-g wfrom its surroundings. One o7 vw-tuog md-*t)7d6tjo4ya*wtw( n oq rb(m4bject has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betweeq).wkszqqpd a1ts,f0u-f/ 9ory. k 9betd 1/c n various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fz 0tsa991/1dfpquo-,tky qf/b sr wq. k.de )callen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. A) ;je*dznu ar,ssuming that all,j a)udn;re z* the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric watoudf5p5krvr+ pc6g a h1;a/ )rer heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to hear5d1hkpfupag5 ovr ; )+c 6ar/t water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat w)p ie.l(7dx;pm d-l qf 4vgdujne.;l*ater. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fru l l 7e;.pved*x)-.qg pjm;d4 n(fdliom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 100 axln0h2z7/+t2si(x2w wi l vg0 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specif8lg.jr u: spbe6bawc:6mm *,ric heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed w.5y- rveeha2x1e te.from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/k dvq.4imk/ rov9n /-akg. How much heat is required to melt -vdn/a/ 94qom.rvi k k200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice atzp5ae7r or (i b(g;0om $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be *0 u:xpe+usjk removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal.6m s/rkya4pu /kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially a7c svur0 w7q/mtf(a:l t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at :proaca8s ; xp4ssc75$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy isvxck,aut 9o1) needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requvbe jz p.b/xswd2 533iired to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required t,zx+4odx7f, ,fn papzb ,u op2o change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of s*dpga0viy-n -9hgr06ps2u q hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heatanf) .,zjt3et of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, tje at) ,3fz.nand its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity lkql22( m nm*:ix7c 8z:ao cbjof concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (onv -a/*8l,hbh vquev13 jh,pub e aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal,q jhbuv aph8b l/u1-e ,*vv3h contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thic f8 ,qwm+ -(tx8osbk/ fo,x,jn(lkzqik has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempm8+inl8fx k- ,(qow(tsxqob/f, kz j,erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick e6a849wbhye j1094xxjboieu has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature i 4uj6jaw9xi e1hxb4bee 9 y8o0s $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m xl 4esr u-:;sqn 2.0 m section of concrete (s:l euq-n;4sr $k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,00 foo;38 .z v+ rwq-5rmh,/lr )jaaeogl0,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heatogb*. e2y3vf w is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is 0ytgm6cy b z5p11o7xa monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted7y 6byto5m z1g 1cxa0p through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energ36 8owvigez6qy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar c07*q (6 xx(;8r c aymih+v xdag.jkvdhollector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.