Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat eneri0aipax*(zir p l8 :1egy?

  The amount of heat nea/kzysk8t t:5 cessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kineticae(.i2n enwfks6 9:us energy of individual molecules is referred to saws2 :(nf ie. 9ku6enas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimmig bkjymg)n(51ng pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of n )gy1(5bk mgjthe water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dep4cwcyzmw i:s a28f0iekak3 bk6 ny7.(ends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its u2h14 / zr i0yggey)rbj0 f ):pftnaz+volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is dougti1z2+h)j 0/e :y fa4bgpr 0 nyr)fzne while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal enol n0z+hc e3h+ergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not varq mdkq4s96 bf3y drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capac9r: zohcv8e,gc4lp 9 ec:ko* aity than iron. Now, consider equalgzl4p:,cr9oc*:k oa 9hc8ve e masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of+m9:we5yf. b)d t(s/vas hg el aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnit(:fm9)v al/ y5+hts.ewe bsgd ude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change aycmz2d)r * p9. mev6u8u(bwj o substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to a 6.z cwde 2*ub)yr ujm8omv9(ps the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the v(i9wmi) eqrd)p ;b5s tapor state is referred to as ti; s5 q)tr)pm9web d(ihe

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady ra pg 7w1vv gss8/01lunete,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesv iqb )ryz+ +w9g7s(1wdqia;j

  When a liquid evaporatwtkg 8t4*/p jses

  When a vapor condensesl*,f(4b lf (uvoslz 9bon) 1wn

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water drople) c2ph5reshs : vtl5b0 8nhak-ts which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause n5ehts)b82lh pr: a 5-s0vkhc the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of bogu:fo1yq ;lk89 ;m nf .mb6xxqiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at qlivtp(loz scs1 6bd1. 8kk78ib8b0s $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flowy47z.j;d/ nx -**cdixklp6f;n lkoqms by means of molecular collisions is referred to asmq4pl ;;*lk df-zd7x*y./n nic kjox6

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does9i3kp pq n4*vyn; rfs( one end of an iron bar become hot when fynp i(q* v k4pr3;s9nthe other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal fea8s om4om9e. yels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical proper8yoomm.e 49a sty?

  If you double the thickness of a wak4zg,wa e iy(( iwl19:cq+wqcll built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature differecw4(1ea,qcl w q9i gikw(yz+ :nce across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivc ):i .q)u zwy+hing(wity K is placed on a layer of another material of theryhi+n.:)qw (gc) zwu imal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mas+w skeu(opg8 q,2y.yq s movement of molecules from one place to another is r,8y +2uogs(ypke.q q weferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is)(nw;z mmv;o ek r80pj a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurh zv12;oh s9d.do*w v zn z)-id4uoq;j

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important 7jz/hl2pl nq0 j / 1n9y*vdlysto humans in maintaining suitable body tem97* l2vl/ y/1dqlyjns ph0 jznperature?

  A spaceship is drifting -faa0,p 4ql jl , /ueckhzytw(uit-:9in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is es0h,(l wf az:c4tyu-i u ,-/pk taeq9ljsentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring r q2 o5 gxy67gp;5vswq1ynq:7 qk;fvlqectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the leng;655 x;:n fg wqog7s1 qplqkyqvvy72qth, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute tempera 2l5bs 0nnf*ik 0+a vpmc7 qigxx-kwg1/ye)-lture of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiatinlnii+e spfgayx g/0 2q0 kmn)lx1k7-*vc b-5wg power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referre4 yp f6/q07( zlqeohdhd to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earthsx4b76 k q3sb+gp 1pu36nmqe n?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to hnjscfop8oz.a :5( 6cpow much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalentwtlj-: jm4 fd,9lknf , to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 1f/v ww3q3z8qwyb)2xih7 1 pdy00 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added1cnti2v 8h8*iz;-; hmotsqmo to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperatureonoz-s8*t cmhqh2m1ivi8;;t change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is ori ( vuc/i1rlfv(ginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperatr ux ,giyc9:d- y5s3iv dt17owq(erz+ ure of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her*mzo))bu elp:, 8p p;wsg*jxc bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg o91sqkg y(k;o d3 .lcsnf iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if theq(g nlkyco1s;ds9.k 3 temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is1-y/,e4q+ere bbc b r6sbqg9h heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, i42c62 aliprmrc(* zix(az 4j initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at +nxam s63 zn*e$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolat6xc:56 i1gaot)rvk lned from its surroundings. One objectgrt a)x6lkv6: n5 o1ic has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationsh)sjz)+fhrd 7xs i2,rs ips between various forms of energy by measuring the)z s,s f7x)2rj dhirs+ rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falsxft d.s z4*8pls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperatu .t4x8fdp s*zsre does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assumingy6r g4/e1r ufx no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water 4uerg6fr1y x/in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg o kt 4hz+/3cnfov8/ qsbf water fromtv+3z4s/n8 hkocf /qb $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g:1i b. j5elsut8p:*q4q k nhymv/2ffd, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife oa i 2cuooa7g-l oa,k(o1 x90s*umd*gblade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change ibv / ;:d(jlp lwdfjc5,t to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat iqfc2(wu b+k/ks required to melt 200 gfk+q u/ b2c(kw of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice i6p86r*wtje0pqf,e83sf vv +e6 mgyz at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from l0ded8 +5nati1iw io ) -j(vsmv 0(lht100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 8:t12i i/f vyzp0 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water e6 l;k3jg .l nn7u2qdtinitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a3fp-k7rs sra: gy /wb:t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to bvxx9yp; l yo08f+i6 schange 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gramlp1iql4eyg wfw * ,-ei5uo 5z z(r.h+o of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to charf)hu:1tn+ d,cs3p b fnge 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tlj 0 l2nai5m9nanf ;1rea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 zwqz oq(3kq/ -ybu m9au8s22akcouq9822 /-asbumy q3azqwkz (al/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity o+m8xh 2h)x0wy* z txx 4tywvq7f concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twi)) xng/h+z agkce that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end)kn/hgz )+gax in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If t4rxk*j 3hzk,ahe outside tempea,34kz *jkh xrrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions o,8 g55d7ngszcl mdqj *f 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturq 7d5j *ds,58zgcnm lge is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour thrc14d njsyw8dsk y7e3+ough a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (3 +yn dk7w s18ydejcs4$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it tak5pk.burk,fb*) 8mt xue to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside tem99mqy -th -yq* ytrn7qperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace 32 ;ha2sk s6 oyimv ne6u(*ivcused for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a smal u 6hso;(miv2*ie32s avykc 6nl hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating enero8vct6 m )t)spgy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exis.r+yurbu pp f+,+ :vkfts inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.