Which of the following is the smal3e ji6 znrgc7d(3.hvnd u+f u2q-muk .lest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by9 +u(fhwg xd7s $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referredk:smcse ; 3bokqb z))v0xy8; n to as;yck)3svox b mzbe0ks:n)q; 8

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compd+ 7,gs /1:kigh 8d :-zd/ynw u-sa-ugbxgmkpare the temperature T d -x/:gd u ad1s-g:/zy i7+pwnhbgk-8,uk smgand the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dep (+qbt7w(qaiuzysuc9ft2, z/ends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its vol3tcbn .z7qh4 uume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas inct3qzhb4u7. s U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U atlm ,;bhmmt-ya /r9om :0zt2 nv $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticalll-d zk kfo bxv61huf65wmlwks+0.. /ay is that

  It is a well-known ft r*)a:.e)(m a blz8+maeiz inact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to eact+i:) e*aa ()bz.nmlm8rze aih. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot pi/3lcx1aqg n8 h8r zff3wmj3i.ece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reac.i8jzma1qflg 3r3/whxf8nc3 h thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liq4mfeox1hwn e5- zy-w5a3 da,quid state is referred to as theeayxfw -n1adh5 3eq54o-,z mw

  The heat required to change a sub 65fxibiipv,,m.4n sqstance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as tbi 6s nmx45fipi.q,,v he

  If heat is added to a pure sug9;ms g 6;f tovcr2q9.xpt) mybstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesexkrgl/wkj / i571, fi

  When a liquid evaporatec kb,tq (j+.xi2k*byp,lr0 m ds

  When a vapor condense3 bc,kk vclhc2(l11joxu. l +ks

  In a cloud formation)atz6dwxn)j18 o 5bap , water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds ta6 x1j))b 8zd wnoap5to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water clp46c*i *sk 5jhm7gq j*5klxmauses

  Equal masses of water r+iqj b 71fsdwwns 3w*d o7,t2at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecfk+i7:h1 c/mm w ntrx-9t*vyp ular collisions is referred to ahx1+y f :rt-m cik9wnv /p7tm*s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron vun1iyfkh j1hh 8-1o412ay msbar become hot when the otherah42kmu8sh1 j1 y 1vnohy1-fi end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels ckm8qo; , gt 3n/z4nrx9y9 o;flrip k0much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference r3t,o9lok9cz;/ 8 gpxq4frm 0n ;ynikin which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous ma ;w mde4kt6if*terial, the rate of heat loss for a gikt6mw *;fe d4iven temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with tuuld ta)uc fd jj95 a9zf9h4;,hermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal cond54ja jul9dffc9)a duz;tu9 h, uctivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the(*;(kfq idks n mass movement of molecules from one place to anotqk ik(*(snfd; her is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of w8;3mn*rqnjo x )pojf) ater heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurz4e1kpr ym rl(z(r1n7mff y *1

  Which of the following best explains why sweating ier5:xl p0kf 7bs important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperaturefek l057:rx pb?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravity iet i4apg,pat .,fgu(9s essentially zero. 4 u(fat ,gpi,g9ptea. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighborinb f97b ca9ra.ng rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain thecr aa9bfb.n 97 same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute tempercfp( 4qbvzodry+,a - 5qphk, .ature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating pow+boaqp - r4, v5c. kd(q,pfhzyer change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the abseic5aa(,khofv8 v 1q *qnce of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transf nfeayha6*:t3 :q mln(mj4j2jer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent* dbd iqtp(;0sev.x0(p(t y so to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat isctp,7r i0y *t0isranbu75em + equivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the te *lfkpfbo sp.t3)vazvi 80 /g2mperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 /xi:wjta0pcd;(nlkm:pku) ib *b 7 +akg of water, what is the resulting temperatureai7dp iau0mx kjwktb:bl)*/ p:+n c;( change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is orlem jr/ 9k72x(4c xdvp,vn8x riginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature(g0t1i mqy, z)w-+jthtk 9scj of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat upkizus4;kz.) b yoqjm/ n,,xc* her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much + 2vi1.0ks abk)l kh jtq21f:znyl b1zheat is ad l 2qvt 11hs.b:0+k2 bk1zjkf) ayzlnided to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of meti neci,hj4r+e:ef /0n al is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, in(y(e2au-phzwr:c k ;l itially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at h diha-2p)8fe $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its sud5s2rn7 f. clurroundings. O25 lf.rcsun d7ne object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explojnu3 tklqf.34 re the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfal.fj3l 43k qtnul with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagarwp:gdm s vgr6865us 90dy1tspa Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitatio:s6pwm5v98ysp6 t1 s gg0dudrnal energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long w)vguv8k7p v +n+jq p)xould it take to hea + 7+x8vvpqgku)njv)pt water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used t:6q1 qm ao 7p:o0*n-a-mrmu xn(srvono heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fromur(aq: 7-s1n6po nmm0 a:-qro o x*nvm $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1i492vuto(c 12sfb.skgri5+ nexanl4000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat =av-;yqgmm.g6 $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chanp2w9bhs7 1 u2dyq5 ggjge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/c1tr7b + ge zwjh.1c1nkg. How much heat is required to melt 200 bcec7 .+ jw11tgnhz 1rg of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg 9ro,b(ll la 8wof ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g wmhib25.i(u4h pc1v nh)qw qis56eh )of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 ,e tt*lc,v w8jkcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initialq:m ngz9b sy0d+1euh(ly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at qzy-k l/s50uo $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is neeay2rfbitdd1f /ashzw- 3,+ :sded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chai.:n i zrm rz9fo)na))nge one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requiratx0f*z 7jv kev0f.adne+j 9 4ed to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding i jxkf65.gq6ge ce to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization jh+y73ayn(w)*j g eeris 207 kcal/kg, and its meltiny hnje )( 3*awej+ry7gg point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete b4 fk8/ 6rafgdis $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods k ;/:bg9ie)) aobvpje (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths anv /ej:egk )bb9 o)i;apd radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by t exwrec5/ d/ rekjv(.).vj4l1.5 m. If the outside temperature// 5.jd(ce vlkv xwj)ree.tr4 is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tanb iglkhv . s50/c.n.emperature.vkhl5gcn/.ns 0 abi . is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 1okx7x,mr++ 0l uft acm section of concrete 1uoc+m7 ,tx xralfk0 +($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer i5enwca8z(fl u 8y4 lo/ozd)81,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal 1z ) 0eyvnqiw/rqac.l gxz6)5 of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the tervw(a4 gff mw e21 hw:lt**w-ozbg0 z4mperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emi zff(h-aw44le:*tggw wv w 1z*mor0b 2tted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human bo4 ya6 k(w(uocrdy radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collec sf6tqx11 e qoq486q:;rwfvdotion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.