Which of the following is the ebakb6u7 m-d9smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to rais5/o6b jsre9 eae the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecur1n) ,46mnr0 mppn6tzukwg s;les is referred to s1n ktm; zg6w)pnur4rp6 mn0,as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temper0evgcr tzu ,,rhk.c;v) gq+m,ature T and the, g,.,ec+hcurkrztv m)qg 0;v internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas .q2 iz0h2pp5 (wouptjdepends on

  An ideal gas at STP is firs.urc e5s0rp( wt compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is halsw 5 ruc0p(.erf the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U a r/2q2ok6 x a0k3zaifyt $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not var d 13mfigzukc42:fye/y drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that0hyi,s+r j7 k./mltyr water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The sas y ,jh.tmr7l/ 0+ykirme amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and pb7mjsp 6qx o5.e0me )a cold piece of copper;6 xs)0 jbomp.mq7eep5 the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquidtkbg *,(joc ob1 7pnz *vf7eq. state is referred to av7* kb(gp1o7qo ncbej,.z*tfs the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is r;qt0 )rq mp1xreferred to asqxr1mrq t 0;)p the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady.iawl-cyh +/f rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezexcqsl*6f3kff)e5 72lls m fe, s

  When a liquid evaporatesa, ewrvt a:4i3

  When a vapor condenseszmer8.z . kdcv/qe-i;o9o oe +

  In a cloud formation, w5woo iu. w l6w5nwo,*sater vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the u6owwoni. wwl5,s* 5o temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan 54 qqnj+qo9 0r6pmos5m h3s hjof boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at w)brr+i ob3in;)2q o r$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to a(27 hef9 gxxeee h(e9gxe7 2fxs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar beco0 cahsxy6a2y ll/ 7:zryv;z/lme hot when the other end is placed in a f7 /lza26acy/lsy0ly:v zx ;hr lame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the tokn1rt inc 6is9z-b 3ois8)ky 3uch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical propertzc1stis kirb9yn3- 6in8) 3ok y?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a hop* af( :5y*/5qyiuyzwc8 7k qp+mbeu imogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the t8y p y7u/bywfmip( au *:5i5*k qcq+ezhickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K ijvh2:q v;-s1 b qt)lhis placed on a layer of another material of thermal l h ;)tisjh2-:vqbqv1conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the p2u)08sc;i k4hxb dze mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referb4esucx;d 0ip8k z)h2red to as

  By what primary heat 09 pam+8zjmhda)a9ji transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur o r udk49-mo(lw gs;pvssv174

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in m)7 .ml7z4 nieuco;q /+xk9jb.rbrtoi aintaining suitable body tempe. 4o7 o+terb. jim;ib kx9zcl)qr7u/ nrature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where th9. u0p3c,5 mnufg osogjlhw 25e acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents 3ol5jugu9w5 h so.mcn,f pg 20caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. One ; frpkcb -px( -k+lq.pof the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate x;prk( bpk+fl.q-pc- that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is swtqx/ e-fqwhm( / ;(ry0u1sb hol*o 2doubled, by what factor does the radiating power changw h1(/;-u0rh 2/ qt*ofoq xy l(bswmese?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is reyp lt l1zpu6p6e 5nu5)ferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm o7p7 ufk +s yst+hw/w6the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equival0-koiw pd) sv8ent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalen(gsz) zl,w0irt to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 sbq( g,a 2yx 2ae2egv:g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is addeh)uds1pw+ga 9n13pur:xx 4k p g6 fnap* lw1e+d to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature+f19ppp3xwegk:)1u * ldpshn1 6 ua r4xa gn+w change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origoilyb rc)q82; w7i m7einally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tw:;tf r r4w)zy;si4pvnd+ wp 6emperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heatz9nsxp0/b rahk.lxkws8 17 ; r up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg ofq* 14akkb v-1f0nm aog copper. How much heat is added to 114*agvb0fkan k-moqthe gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of ml oad,8x7val-u;rr(k etal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, init w gxa90 :nwvw2v9ia1e+msj :av1:vekially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material axcga,bx 2n+ /mt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally i c5ll)t7g.e xtsolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial 5gt.te)7llx c temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships bi.:+ i etga ymsze;afc2)0ubpd *i/-cetween various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. piu e dg*a)eyic-0 + :cz2m./atbs;fi What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a d1;xec mjdy,i*q nw,f*fx85g oistance of 50 m. Assuming that all the 1, i *;,x5wmnxoqdf *8 yjcefggravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater useycs+3td aimv /*ypx wz)1m0n:s 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank fst m:ic+yn mp ya31*dw0xvz/ )rom $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long wil(.l gd+o ij/i,e/ynzjl it take to heat 20 kg of water f/nej,+iz.ydo( lg j/irom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 100jeram3 uj *i1:i fvc,tlzk* ,,0 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (d g 5 0)vg7lib5ompgwzn 92w+q b6gt6cspecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be re9fhxl5 fwfzh7;z4m*e.qw dh 4moved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kc2bq3lb5 q*pm*h7bb mfur q +u/al/kg. How much heat is required to melt 2uq+b 2hfmqqp5u mb*3rb l/*7b 00 g of ice?

  How much heat energy 254p.*aewo grgy bl6fis needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed 3hwsn/ q0sixgc/ 1n 7nfrom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcalct:duf3ieh5 lwo , 0d4/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially tww(q jdvl.ok.-22 p* iyh:hkat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at ) z7 hz4qvzd:v$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kgcbhj;i l+l 6:wsvye(7 of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requirdaaw2q g1j+ 299mma bjni* 3lled to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g v9w :qy*g2k j 4sljgb/.zhum2wax 9y.of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by addizk:s d1jh.e) png ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vapc e7;dh:r vqf3orization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poinrv fd:;3ehq7 ct is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concry3 yhas+64. vq3ziywal;m qc0 ete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one alefy vj*2u,e:bt7;z lj 8u-lavuminum and the other bb8el7 l :,eyjt-f2zuv juav; *rass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimension( e2mnn4nv mmyb5b3l; (rff6y s of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatun(evl3byf5myfn bm4; 62 nm(rre is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3rupb , hv+.4kilqho j(b h*+b;.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temphb; i+h4kb(l, *uqprbh+jv.o erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2 y+2sz;7 r)3tcgdl dw/xk1voh.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (x/; kr+1vdl2)dty3hszc gow 7$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat througlc-or*lj2*fwj2-e6 j/f pyus h a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost throuaq.ro 0kf d0 4g; cgyf cxubn/1;*ga(wgh a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used 0zo:jib5b y-fv -y8jbfor refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiantiz0j-y-bo8f bjyb5: v power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it xr fj8w f-yowdh);u 7dqq f/e.1ycr 0;is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collectionza9a*5 igf 0xr area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.