Which of the following is the w6,rz nws1sm0smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary tou4st4iy0eyl yb mydj q) zb-otw23 +)t(k4u )m raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic e 95-obvvri rbn6p53 tjssuk39nergy of individual molecules is referred to ar3vrs5j9bs9n-bi 5p6t3vouks

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. ; ug1ev ccebc;1fbt+ 7ylc7v2Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimminvbuc2 bgt7c cee;;71ly cfv1+ g pool.

  The internal energy of an ideazn 9mc;fu (+eqqpr;y;5ffn9 ml gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until it q/13sidmn/hcs volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If thn/ h3i s1cqm/de initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inn )fqq6 ojr,/jrb. tb2ternal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticallp6j*1 j nuq6uojrs/6my is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has abuv q0o es )suoc- ,.*qlpus:9 higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Whiqo0 lsu cvq.sbu, *:se-9op)uch statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a c,mgti ,i 8grr20nk9p 1nf7x dpold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of alumin2981trgidfn 7pr 0,g nxikp ,mum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from thek )iu l1d0pwdg 7)si0l solid to the liquid state is referred to aw )0 s0i71kilg)u lddps the

  The heat required to change a substance from themo*gzx9s u62e ( rko1e liquid to the vapor state is referred to rx o*k62s(91ueo mgze as the

  If heat is added to a pure substanc:vzhui g *f78te at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze89( yml khyw+ts

  When a liquid evapora88el.ht-- f x3tbc q*hm*dwr eqy67chtes

  When a vapor condenses m7xoavi5bk(1

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which g:aryf)rug k8 ch2l5mt l,zv/1 et bigger and bigger until it lhvlkca tur1rm /fgzy):82 5,rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water3k9t erbeok) rci+j0fk:/ -wa causes

  Equal masses of water at s 5:f 8aaup8 ahrg qo6z69l7io$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means o+wni *r nzr+k8f molecular collisions is referred to as8rzn+ik*r +nw

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become p/m-zt/ w4vxm hot when the other end is placed in a fla / w-tmmpzv4x/me?

  On a cold day, a piecn,jk*z jdt /,j do71i66mjvqoe of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due toj6 , 7oto vkd/j dq,6jizjn1m* the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thicknesse9c0pso* wfi( of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate 9e0op(s*wi fc of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating materia:x1rwg nia:d01q w bfbg5 3c3wl with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another mb:g0wqawb d 353:1ic f1nrwgxaterial of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flqd5nl)4)a. up5 go(3 mte dremows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is lmr 5(e)3 pamenug do.5qtd4) referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water hea*a8 6x 4ybmvn56 tnkyated on a stove?

  Convection can occurerfqzs+/m7t x9d -mefys9 (r /

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in)8/ ng;-bued; e/ oya hydiwp1 maintoy diawd;g/ 81ybeu;/en)p h -aining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the r5woq5 *do ch2annv.6acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents causehov.*wan5 6nco r2 qd5d by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials28pb; oezz 4ls. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heatsop4;b le8zz 2 supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled,f(uvt7 v/zla/rhk)lo; 8 qnq3 by what factor does the radiating ;/fluvh qk/qr(t7o v zanl3)8 power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred tock5*z xnehrqv f, )9;h.i/uuj as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism m */0wjz2l *h4jb ajuhdoes the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heai++g,g7r xr54pnmei wt?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wor 62q)t9,h wssq2s cynyk?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the gp-d 1tmclimo2,z1 a;mep 15ctemperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the(0dxj(l+ztg u u9e9qk resulting temperature changzkg(l j09tu udqe(x 9+e?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originrwb)ab* yw,fo-h( nsthq4i54 ally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of materiaug2g vw+/5cvc l by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to he aarpj nrg:mg9s.ln *jc*5-8 q3tvu/nat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iwpvhneu (9/qhr 4 ogmb.8wdeh, 1w2 f,ron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the h,dev gqw(o812hru9fm4./ hp,nww eb temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal :w3yc n +av3 jjq; lk8zl7k.ikis heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initia; qthjt0; wba4lly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at 9hpt0pf;ye9 e $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects makkig0v3 to80eb e up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperktb08g 0oiv3e ature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joulg h2m 6f;p7zpay nxm rv3:0zz9e attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blavr yp9fp6zg:2 zhz0a xm;m7n3nc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distan-2)omnd h-dw i/p 4zigmk3bumb 4; -hutf;if7ce of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal enek m bf24u h37idiu)o- pz;m-/ fgibh-d;mt nw4rgy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how longay5 du a4fr;f ss(z;,o would it take to hy5f4asarfod;;z, s u(eat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to gunw14(w 2ker heat 20 kg of water fkn g2r1(4wuwerom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (w7j82 ja ms+cxmass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat wj9t:oi g yj elz,cv(23js(/o= $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it t; q2 k5 *i,-p2-mtgeoi;w/oq vq bgcvpo liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to mu20,jff e)fywk7 ofa exs8 p71elt 200 g e, s p8f f)1ua7fxk7 joewyf20of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to cha; 8wuhvxq39s-1b ,0h wsqjydsnge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be 6lpgc,azd agy.k3. f/ removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kw scynw;+4z m;g. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially 0-0d wupffhve2lvezl87ca,8 at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water av3akhvia)z/m2 - +gbl t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to chang9v,cich0ydaub, 8x. i e 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gra-d5bab*e in2em of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required s/jr 55*xga5rilv2w3ks e s3i to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at:3ekj9bep/cqoiy1 a3qv7 ; pu $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 2u6vm7 hyqal+oa e;os t nf+85k n67mva;lh8ay5t2ouf+os+ eq cal/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete i1wj y s*llvty2*ezt-;srx4uz +9 jd.l u.ror5s $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. ykf 8. gq)ootxu-r +/d Two rods (one aluminum and the other braft8xo q yk+).-og r/duss) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by m3w 2rgv+l 2r3ntiz4d1.5 m. If the outside temperaturew gz2mvr 3tr4nld23i+ is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions ofv)m5chz rc ae37f,e9s 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatu7s 5e c)r93m vfzech,are is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2k -tv (rizs:/v4- nsjoyi*m u6.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete s*:(j- vvi4ok 6nsti-zur /my($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfercfo a jze;utl9k)9.;p 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperaturegj, ;4s(a4pixo 4w,1jahzn aq if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for ref1 7b ev4i ddl.h 9r:zr 0akt8hgui+g+xining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole ofr7kd+ 19d g.0 vhr beitlazu 4xgi+:h8 area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it igdl byq:m36 )os at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside rv 2d sc f1;bj.+tqe3ta solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.