Which of the following is the smffl *w(q yjz bga.9r1/allest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of waterqehk. 0 1yjd7u by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecjfz5ve,,j y u )y1rf7oules is referred to asjrvzu7yo 15,fyjef) ,

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swik 9gdp/bawwv +/qn t,2(k6qsrmming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.(qw dv+pk9w ,rq6bts2gn/ ka/

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends o5/*) //pspewo jeqmj k7rg-rpn

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until brxb,*f g (8j/s/lz feits volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while hol/8e/,bj(br fgs f z*xlding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energyh (dg3vf-/ntd U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperaturpe;i+ xv9gu x,es do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that watf34lwbbe u r ku8vzph vb3(d2cm+m10/er has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and 3vz2 bl1mbehu wcu+/kr f0m3d8 p4b(v iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece oevgeu ( y-.rumw zu2s,yx )*tod(2f1lf aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat duringyv- oextged2 w2.su*fz)u1l( m(ru,y the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid statety.gwv 3 g,d.m is refeg.ty,g. 3vdwm rred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vaporpaa +4ejn0c d/qvw0, r state is referred a ,4q00 rd+ ajvn/pcweto as the

  If heat is added to a pure substa d*.gdbku8x6 ina.b:n dz5usd*n 6j5znce at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes,;x;te 0d lukf

  When a liquid evaporateos4c4.gf+x :nwz()jehxwso -s

  When a vapor condenses (wu*b:yi.m;oy 9qotc

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger+ x 5jeib c:zz mqhg(q*4 3gp)9nk-8hvul- rwj and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperaturezrqg zjg e-h9b:(5w3jp4* +m c hxiukv)l- q8n of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of o1dc/vzjbtu( fl p *ux-4* jb;boiling water causes

  Equal masses of waterb o zi./ mwly4ts9845c 3 rr i/s;n3jeeiayin- at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat fla9g 0sr 5r9w53ehd70 u2 krzr4oqw fbgows by means of molecular collisions is referred to az4rs27 ug0d3w0w k9b9ghfare 5 qrro5s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanismf*y3x lh( iax(3uh8z.o-ad so does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end 3a*3hadxxzou-h.8s(fi(y o l is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of o19x h5i) x9p qh36rljvjhiz7metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in whic7pl ihv hx5z)993h6xjj q1roih one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a h0 gexd ualj*+)omogeneous material, the rate of heat loss uld +*)jxa0gefor a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with th zfd92m:1rl+g7*qkcraok o + eermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2rl r ofgdkqk :mezo91ac *2+7+K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby h*cr qank/ hu4wy)k 3u4eat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred to kucwhu*4) /ykqa4r3 n as

  By what primary heat trans;nx:a,rpv- ylfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur a8:n(a .vwdu9j6rixd

  Which of the following best explains whrc1q x+xx 5p (or(i;ahy sweating is important to humans in maintainingc; raxo+(r (xhpq 5i1x suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is driftin: t q8rvrvc;i4g in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one sidr:v8v 4ti;rqce of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the i j 1)x.52mguyjw)pcd same materials. One of the houses has twice thwu2dj) cg.myp5jx) 1i e length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor 9tsq,yp8bm w/ crv+r0 does the radiating power ch ,vr9qcw8+rb0 y/smtpange?

  The process whereby heat flows in ther . h/ (pira);0oqglri absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism ot.lia /c9t .kdoes the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much h830p ebdwogw ,eat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much work?k :k.bvmwi:j 4

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise theh x( 6ek mpr2y8ci;-ej temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of -p4mw 7h pwf/ ian.(mxwater, what is the resulting temperature chi hpm(pf-n47axw w.m/ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally a0 mtgu75 .m8;5vj4wie klvmzm t $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperso3f(q /c0+nj in0iu cature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath w)uafh08 gkqa 8ater by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of coppej/9hqyz* us 2nr. How much heat is added to the ge*/ yuh2s9zqnj ar if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated +jacy*3 dgrw 1to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, inip2ba:aml mx2n f7z.(u tially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material p ;.rai1 9yxbvat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolakac0cv6 q0t s+r0u pj)ted from its surroundings. One object has an initial 0ucvjpq c6)k +atr 0s0temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between )s+sz,xz6xwd various forms of energy sz+ x)s6 dwx,zby measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara0-h- tbm ori.3l.r vhk Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitation-oit.v0.h -r hmlrbk3 al energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heacd1 xam)8 wvz1. ux(+yf* akdit loss, how long would it take to heat water in thif)1zcuiw (a1.8 x vka m+*xddys tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used*8 j5 pt5unzx.a qf+ms to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water frtjm pn5sf uz*+.x5a8qom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (m7 u.wdlq9-l:k5n ph nsass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel kniq6nnt zyw) sl/1n6vf np2 5y-ofe blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to 1g-kws+zmz(0.l ago u liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much hecift9.v( p)m uat is required to melt 200 g of iv( )9 pfctum.ice?

  How much heat energy is w72fmv m 7kk raw,yn84needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fr.sev:-w r/u ;s kb.vq-zph)evom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice wrdz h r38qd 3a8/a xpan3)0yzat $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiv mn+1ns6 rip;u/qat9 ally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at1 ihjny 7k,g.o7ruq v0 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change03. 0fhksww zetpfm x2oij21+ 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram e+c6trt*si5zgp 170 gnz(d ng 5asjy6of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g o( bihyln0dbcv1 pn +23f $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by add)6g)ihu* ;q okoewj) ying ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and tg 9ri fl;fc53khe heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poinf59g;lkcfi r3t is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivi9eh: o d pj0lqranb (8g bu8;3phih/4yty of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice ybexokb,o/:wu :24 p+gek k5r that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at xok4ybe5egr:/uk: k,w2bo+ p $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1x60*u/8(7gje dj wy u+vvlslf .5 m. If the outside temperaturej8uxfsjd* w7 e0+g(/ll uyvv6 is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensi6 i4ihyh 9bxgd97 v,amons of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tem d4m9 ygxhi ,7hb6v9aiperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 houi2j1d o,yx9, 13fjmfaiusu6br through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete ( b9usaji 2 xd,6uy1 j,ffm1io3$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 calr4:3z l2uehry 21kuo , eagb:l of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature 6 n+ eqp5bd0qh3 8fr1rd/zxqw if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature iubtk *5p,j 6ibsn- 9avs monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a smaik6,s9v b -a5bujnp *tll hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating :b3vqagmje6y2 u26p menergy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective t1e.v(e ( t3lx8tbwhqcollection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.