Which of the following is 1-d l/4sfi8jbgc d;lij kgnf))sf* u2the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the eqo9b;p36)kl5-fv *kvyvhlr temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kit;ewjaemnv z+y58 4p,netic energy of individual molecules is referred tom;av ney,e5tz 8+wp j4 as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of w*m)k1jmg gh n 84y-,dbbz .haqater. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the ch1 zdgy*j),nkbmha8bq .4 m-gup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gaej2ou;u0 b /oqs depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until.et8q*n3.oizr jbobfywwq z20 *qz 48 its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial intb.8 oz w i.8nyt z2qoewqj*rqbfz 403*ernal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energh s8qf1jc mx0z.4t :coy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary dr*b k/zgt, :afj) oj2n j.)ukozastically is that

  It is a well-known fact tp(sje* u: rk:.6kgfmrnqdg;ak/.4c a hat water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is arar kp/kuejd a( mg.kfn; .*:46gq s:cdded to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated sys8+ ggblq 1w(fitem is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat d+ b 8ggl(wiq1furing the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid statjijp3 g8tr c(*tw g,)we is referret*w 8,j3wg jp( tig)rcd to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vaq-(-wm( ol emmsu6: : (hevug2jviou. por state is refeo(-q:ev6slo( (:eumg 2muj miwu.vh-rred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substanqh wr0(,n zsa(l7g e0pce at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes n8tzm 906d2.rdjofg l

  When a liquid evaporatesv(*0nyv /auna(8 op qg8y 6hzr

  When a vapor condens, aapt:)) fvx8:x0fdfe3ms z(wem z6e7jen3xes

  In a cloud formation, water vaporwc ub,rt 9 tprg5l6wy ,:)iqzj:9 efm+ condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air ini:65 erlwcy9j urpz+mqt,tb),g9: fw the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan h:t z( h5ookgd.8s 73z5gh4ptskjc, tof boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wated 3q;tf qp3o1nysgh9er2+el3 j7 7sjir at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of moler k-g3olgfagc,f97 , td0.n iucular collisions is referred to asc.u-fonr3 tgkg l7a9i gd0, ,f

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one,*+bo2mi n k ojwb0yr9)bna f- end of an iron bar become hot when the oth+m ,0*jf29 bw)onrn-kaio byber end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piecud z:z(c; dkndldf6nf22j/ )n:f/w foe of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one ofcn2):/n uffz6: j2dfw/znkf;odd( ld the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogex. dctk 7.nnw.neous material, the ratt. .dc.nwnk7xe of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating m(9soio4fr n,w, y7jx,dr h-aa aterial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have eqya,( ai or-7rh sj,d,o9fxwn 4ual thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of mole doad7fjbgei( 22n8 .ucules from one place to ae j2n7g.(b2i8 f uoddanother is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism ig.(hdi. i.q8b8vad 0asf1 in cs a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur:m :9mt 0r usnc5zqpi.

  Which of the followi81(kb(o28m 0k dczzvjk3fzydng best explains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperatz3zk8b0 m1 dkf z8dvojc2y(k( ure?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the a16/8lk xoo e;yzlf5kmcceleration of gravity is essentiz ll 8o1e; k5okmf/yx6ally zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materialshcc;ayt(9 n w8. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, thec89 (;hy wctna larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled,gg,xw m0d1 vj( pcn4.g by what factor does the radiating power cjwmngcgdp1 ( .g4,xv 0hange?

  The process whereby heat flows in wc1t69it apk/the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun s2b,a6cu ,sakwarm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalenh7gz ,x )yrxfg)mox1 vxe0)62mxb u, ht to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to 0sxhdn45 qhy; :tb1qe 0zo)exhow much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature jjpupbffe74l*vl4 *-of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of waterdniv. 5py3wx 4, what is the resulting temperature chang. vyn5 ixp4wd3e?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally /td7 io azz.b4at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of u6*/qnl bsre6.iyr 7bmaterial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her b 6qc x hu)8quskd-9ka9ath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0nduga nejtc+ ,)*n *.g.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if tn*g+.ung e jc,)*a dtnhe temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal iw4liadpck./ ,+/sh tn s heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of co0g) chp0dez;ot3gf6s,5:cd g4u dqfcpper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ju95a4 uj fpuk9f j3.:bqtma(at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated frobsvhw-a45gq(8b *pq2t jzh * ym its surroundings. Obwy pj2*8qtbz4 qghvh*s5-( ane object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationship/ny 8m.pnp o3mv; w+s8z)cteys between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfnyz3p e;ys8.cow m+tpnmv)8/ all with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assumie(41mxn,8vifxxc 0hzng that all the gravitat1(c x4zmn8xxfhv0 ,ei ional energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heatzn ba6yn5250cg odem8+l.vdk loss, how long would itv5k52lnnygbcza.0e +mdo86 d take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long wilj phc o)laeq3dx,s -39l it take to heat 20 kg of waterjx s 9-3l3ha) peqdc,o from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masrcz)x/jl1byas4;g 8ws 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blas+zv)ml: m x6ede (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed fro+fpho5u 7qy *rm steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusionthg73ygara 9gi2q 1k : of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 2: h39ar 1gai2kt7 gygq00 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change vnle. d*3v1 di10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs th 17dp2yp xrpvh6b; ,uo be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/*zfw7 ac1lg;zvmi); pkg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water iiwukhz616 2 iinitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atu gn/* )my6 avr*or*rs9p ei4q $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of f2 j(m/y22qdk0qxhuw water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to* 8mtc h hhhvv l,55 n3dpr2yj.4,bzko change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requiredujx0(o3)p +psbpm-o i t:n6h u2cxl8 g to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of pk:z.j;f.:ybf4n +cm2dbe pj hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heab-b.q qyw c,n:tj/*hpw;)aq kt of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point is /-bbnqw jtw* ky,:; hp)qc.qa$328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of wv .ovr9inw75p35 m cxconcrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivihblixuhj/,83phv5 d* ty of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together endvdhjb 8/ph5 3*,hx lui to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-c1vkkcbhy hfy(48 q ,l+m thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempera4f b yqhc81l(hk,kvy+ ture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 1n ,v/9qk0s iou dy9pi3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is pinv0uqsd 99iy1 o/k ,$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 8ljow 4j:/7w lmr ii+k(ilkw:8/ij+47 mow rlj $k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throui /3r /cig -(;peypvnlgh a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat .z (amce,gmr9bi lp 9:is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monit y+pjj n.jh,5ek6tz9wored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole ofzt,5njh9+ 6epyj jw.k area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating enervssa 54ket,9 t72c7imt cdx+xgy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effectf; kncvbysr *.) jbz0,ive collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.