Which of the following is the sltv0*z l or,v;mallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temper8, xbcd 0og5xr8kno6;nmoti (ature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the averaw-q+tv/3c v k)wgis7 gge kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to as7/wvkw+qt3-s vg )igc

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Co d u5w+-;jzg)fxayk )+r c4;e xodq+owmpare the temperature T and the iwqzj gef;x 45);+okdwox cr+d- ay)u+nternal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of annwu/2ykrul 5/5 +g jll ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial v08i*mj6c -le byd6qic olume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done whilej-0c mlc6q 6bid8*yie holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal epnqtgeh 7k okn4v-( 13nergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do 5hj-r oi x0pv,tag7hx (rv5+ia/p i c2not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capbq y b rna)51a)udig*7oqrhum:)q)p 2 acity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same a*iyq) ub)a: )2 n75qpuhm rqo1)brdgamount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hotocnw;qh)y fa,l6nlpr)5 0z nl,wj6m8 piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during t),nwr a lh6nfo,q6 0zln)w8jc;5lpm yhe time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solimtvc5f)0/v),x. owyo 1+z8vrjxw z z,obdpu0 d to the liquid state is referred to a v o,+ uxp0t.o5z ))/c f,d0xovmr18wvjz bwzys the

  The heat required to a20:tkyea b /yw;vpm)change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred tay0/kyp2;bw )t vame: o as the

  If heat is added to a pqkm xbm3v/x .zb(h u-m28 4uhfure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze,, hxfzd5tjr/f*k 6 efs

  When a liquid evaporateluu ;qytn2 l *tov4wjle-qrw;)p) .7ms

  When a vapor condensesu-gok:q28 )6dtrrntjdg) jsl sx(; 5l cv2h)e

  In a cloud formation, water vapor cont;awd )sh)q.qdenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger hq ) ta.wdq)s;until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water c9;w6mk iue2ceauses

  Equal masses of wate *nxc c0b.o37r fuxan8r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred 6wmhttdr; jhw4 5;7 ttto aw 5t47 h6;jdttrtw;hms

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one en3: ddz rgm3:did of an iron bar become hot wh3 z d:dm3dri:gen the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much1t fke6f rp *s:r57kpzd9 lzr, colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical pr ,e1t k pzlk6fr57rrs*f 9:pzdoperty?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous materialgqofqjjeg4c:289cs 5zhe5q2w .z /zw, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thi5w/ j zqzh q29ej.czs5g8cw2 :qeof g4ckness will

  A layer of insulating material with thmyyrwl(ro91) ermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. T 1l(yrom )r9wyhe layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from6zlz c x5p2w(k fc7ym+ ,icp0b one place to anoth ipzpx5w+fcb6 zm7lc02 c,y(ker is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot ofvmgco+j4v cz7 9.kbr9y.1ogb water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur h36mb6b jcd.xo s9-s.x0boq r

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in maisb.kkksn w0h*c6 i4/fmm c + q2-t7pskntaining suitable body temperatk+kqkwcnp- fs2s7mh 60*m4t.bscki / ure?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceler0p6j+2e xcd4kt1ib7z,npe,6h re v t zation of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?1k46cjpnt,d6iez xr tzpveb e02 h,+7

  Consider two neighborinuy:xz u)dq i64g rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and heightd:q x i64uuyz) of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor / dejxx1jxt; 0does the radiating power cxxj1; t/x je0dhange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to afx7l: 1;m9ok .x glaots

  By what primary heat transfer m/ y+d(ieoylvb17he7 mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how muchq3n ox fbh --z*h28xqe heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is e*ocg505 ckayu(i9/uqa (y o vxquivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to6g p cad+w c*a;nxf)ju ),qn)o raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulti3xk zo98kztt0 ng temperature ct o03z9ktk 8zxhange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block ismce c7.oh 3q aa.b7nc 81iyg3ez.c en7 originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises th1xqker h009vu 1*mtppe temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 Lkraz mpo(.9 t/km b)92;fo9 i+j jsgra of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists xu-bbw /w7exs9 m4/ zcof 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is9wu- c7bzwbse/4xmx/ added to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to o:,lsvq+ l al/qz/k2 j$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially a7el f8ujv9rxz4x2+ lqt $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at u6(*8caf6 hf:78:o n q9bfylz-ylrscee8dfe$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a syste4yb, vett8a b7m that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperatutv tae4b78 yb,re of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore thz:qi. eiluhp -2wz/ e8e relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum teq- iz/e2w:zilpu8.h emperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls droppzed 6u jjw2j/nd7 2p8s a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperapjje/d6 2wnjd7 p28u zture does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. u+o+z;ke.mk x ot;ns8Assuming no heat loss, how long would it .su+oz;xn8 ;kk etmo +take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat wi,0ic v 3p+7 huq(jawyater. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water frwci7uv3q a 0y,(+pihj om $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (max7stj b;g q (qyi./ n(stmhr)5ss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blable ix.prz..487usziw*l s,u de (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be remo1twhv sf0 s,l2ved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is requiredms/rp+c a g,j: to melt 200 g of i/+ p,jmasgr:cce?

  How much heat energy ish o9/ sq e4nbe8m8uh3f needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g1-x8z,yd s)nup jjbb;jh0v rs+di u7 * of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg.pq kbhjl:pt1qi:,9pew r s: /y408yiu When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water io:env f ot-r9*nitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water abbj* /ex1j,t at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to changebdy/j d6w asam , c.wxr/bdy0 l*:3f5-c2pess 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one m 5w d3ve0iq+s;xsgv5gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is req6ln8:uj+5t r( yvdtfn.aa -w vuired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kgvb*pjs.q+shf8 . btka. 0bh;j of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporizati x 58t*cmuvsjg2;8qcjon is 207 kcal5mj8scu ;tjx* 8v c2gq/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity ofhfi/1mv5l*j +5gmur* mrh2i g concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that o l os+e5lkdxpe7,(pkb( 8 vyxoh,d94hf brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal conta kdk8y+ o9dplpl,h ex (e5(xs7,ovhb4ct. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside to-*-qs8zm yh;d pev :uemperatu-so:8; my*uvpde zq h-re is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensdz9g ;)coayu5f)a4oc ions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tem5o)zy4cc go fa ;d9u)aperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2 vx8(( x-iqs;ukp yd:u.0 m section of concrete k v8( y-suu:(xpqidx;($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfeuevrt109. m p0hk rip j/r/.13innwz jr 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4 uow tt d))0vpc;uv:;c000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used fo*xq yav: ps5lop3,(z sr refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted th q5pa ,lz:pvssy*3ox(rough a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating engz8 m::5an2as xzbwi/ergy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside l:n n *qtq:94cyu b)xza solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.