Which has more atoms: 1 kg otknfkq o2:a +c dmv /8;7+m,jn+hcvjif iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix mov;mn/cjq:+ kf cn,i+t2da h8 vk+7jB.

Name several properties of mwy3up+p 0 b6pjfc gj1-aterials that could be exploited to make a thermometjf3gy w0 p-16up+c jbper.

Which is larger, 1 Cbh834ufh dk)lq 6c/ee $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sy1f sd uhp 6hsk5q:q,m; n:n3dhstem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the te6 mhq,d1p qf3:nsh5 u s:nk;dhmperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stripbxjd/: jw.h;12lmf ea consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hbw;1h2/jae j:dm.fx lint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lin+ip.p7(.qxu2to tg ih ear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simp 78wztzgmf 6f9 7-jpt(5miwfile thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing j 65 pz (ffgtt9mfiw7z8m -7iwliquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in 62sy+blli r. noyqc3tp1*4yy;hz, erthe shape ofy+;ze 2tr,.yp*l rsq ih4b ony63yc 1l a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury 5k yf,26 )+ukjhjhtukat 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometeru:assh xr 86s1 is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury in1sh ars68:us xitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more *n/nu8 u )dg wkbxtp,0f 5ctjqw7 /y(drapidly than adjacent partn (k)n57,pdbdu*ytwucxwtjgf/ q80/ s. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear mtbvlhtx 5k.ol- /2f/,;)8kk f5o wmt*qyl nfexpansion is much smaller than that for o)/,xmh5./ob 5*w t f ;k knff8yvlt tm2lqokl-rdinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura) +zkea3pxty0 te at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly thv3kek/+jgd+ p*d n4 tce can will not stand uk+pc/ *e+v4t3 dknjgd p. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compre0an, j(dbs x/gv :+febssed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they striked,e 0ja:sgb nvx/fb(+ the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged 9c-b;m(gy 16gx nkyanin water increase or decrease if the temperatub n19 ;yxk(gnc6mg-y are is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic thvipq9 :;ht*z leory and the relation between average kinet9i;:v hl pzt*qic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory ccchfo)g5l5is- ug(af1w -z).

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio o7rgzi*u qu*, f1shgr( f $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed anye c6r3tx )55n 8bsg z1a5bnlb object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fiznbb x 6 br13l5g5)c aet5nys8fth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly .1jx. ouzyyu,0mmfw-p g8)er than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecularg0ej wym8m.z u.xo1p,fy)ru- properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hxl9tb( vl*8(g vj wnb ;(srlwjb690xf ot dry day at the swj wtxl*;lj((b0b9rg6 sxbv n(f8l 9vame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (70i)zp(i m io0eqsom320 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tem:/t0em z (qn 7nbe:ytjperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which iyet:0netmn /jb:7zq(s more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerouufs0hnr g /fxtwx3275s to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile tr w/uxfsh37 25gnx0fengine.

Why does exhaled air appear5g/w3t rc hui9jgvw7d+h4z.t w n,h pd5 ik/3c as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4- 4e/r5*h o xqv-rs6kfrgram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26kko6.kue. ach+pfw( j 9 j8bt9.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same +k6 9fkcjp(..jha9utw8kb e omass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. v pyu8gos *ubaj c f0+.5b1x3vWhat is this on the Celsius scale?vo5 3* ya1+f8 jc u0guxbvpsb.   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperr:l/ n o gokj/j+(9ixlatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has .)hr( z9 /bk6 peydatjd5nm1zlength 11.82 cm at 0.0 n6r/ db a.zmzj5e)t(1ypd9 kh$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long ( +fut3,f mywoim- 9b-m20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron 9 +c5(5mk9ctw+ rbkqym cx nl9approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (avera wb9t5c(qc5lx9 9+n+ycmkmrkge temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet mwtpvrpdpd j+83;in rd;p(-2 hole are often used and t t+rnddivwdmp;p28; j3(pp -r he rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at dwc+ke z o8)rt2 va+jzv rs64(d/3 cjg4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diametg0oyo , jtri pkxyt.i6vboi*/ w6 70.cer. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from wioriotiy7.b6yt6 v.* cp/x0o j,g0k30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim l,* ox+u25fpnn9otu kwith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 24t/2m7b1ag ter zln8u0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to bef*5z p;5dd. aa6vj gsk placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentia; ikx9qep+ ,bylly one direct;p +qx,ibe9kyion only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the deneltxct ),:1c z +pej9usity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has 4h 8l1,g1ap 3(5e*jkc lm an+weeswytcoefficient of linear expansio kw8ley*1ajeaw +1m3p,s5 n4e(g hc ltn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so4 cs4tq p2r xky4j.f8olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time7vs+ux 6 p(muu at 177 umx6(v+spuu $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer)bz)*ep02i i3wviukw;vgp ,1 hf6q ej has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0k;hip,iz6eg )vf wu j1 0bv)*32wqiep.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminu k7 adu pm04*x nd.hy)oxi;4sty c13pxm cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular 7yx4o d4d3u10 .ppys xihx tk;)*cmanvelocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desw+iwqbs p9y4d s 5.cq6ired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep ic.wysd645 wi 9qsqbp+t at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectiose/ 5qvnfmlg8d5:3dlnal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134(vimpkp ,a-,c bx, -uhnu4z9l.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tz*6dc n g(fa j8*iesao ) aaq4*kaz0r7emperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scat- s4 paa9p*qnle?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures ins1uje;fsod4 9 the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature ;aw)xir:vp 2y lf+u 2.otbbm*u;)af ov. wy l:2t+mbx ir2b*pof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density *)har .hep ,edyh as2pczo b:o8bi9gkp9+ .1 tof oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen(wlmp8y j0*bi ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogewb do5w1; hc:dqq p) x,45dneen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1032 w9m cz ,e;qrtock+l.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L co xzp o6fa3 7/vqmzf)n ,c30tshntainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38 xnchsa / po,367)tz0mfzf3vq5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg,sdn :;:yn4z/ l4nhj y z/tq. bgk9rii of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves itix6lvmp 8,or4k zb9 ;bs buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it ;b xmo4i 8lpk vz9r,6bless dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with n)wz/ wfz fl6t7a1an.nn8.mt air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18pdg+pc4lk/-wl14g k9 v0 k f cu5rsfr/.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon e)hy:kk z4 e5ck /qhc9pscapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules z(j54h62sad0yqvtou tux y++ / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How nu0lkk-/n 2kn1ec)6mbj3 kot2c,ra nmany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number og(1 8vf+osfrr f (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1nmtqzh;w 47t f9eo4s0$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that ymu5ca0 :7dbo were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant denu05:by 7 modcasity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic 7 be7/:ujk.c+o xoil6a 6ydl wenergy of an oxygen molecule at STP? c/de67oy+ki7ul oba6.lw x:j    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a te 7l;s*mzwpx9elo*67 cxni s)cmperature of about 6 l sepcxwc77;6i nsmzl9x*o *)000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mole b 6b.kvai9jt t4b1a rvx 4c1/g-izkp(cules increase if the temperature is increased a4 ti1x6kbb b4ap(1/jr.9cigt vv -kz from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the folp,s*q 1gd o;azerc4w6lowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and*z,aregq 6s;wc4 p1od 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a r wf+eh7 )bz2dgas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its vold,e4,n hau,8 rpbwg9 md s:9pyzxkh+5ume is held constant, by what fact+ghx re 5da,hpu9k:4p sn, 8dbw, z9ymor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is g4 w5q z9k9ijjpiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temper+( nrqt vz4fc 2)ldw4ae9wn3hature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their moleculadl34w9cv (hnteaq4z+r )nf w2r masses.

  What is the rms speed / h/s wgikhp;:4h s:uyof nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecul3lnr6 j8ztr4 de at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mol.1ct1h-s2dp lt mj*mw:-,/aggslbbq5 thg *r ecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amm5u18zadbv- r ino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a li5v z1u8bradm-ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of ayc2 pxg0 ,wct9 gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,m3582 fqexkyu $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phaao(: ofi5pn0 bses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the presnu/xfl0.7 dem. lc/nfsure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 fl/nudn7 0/.ef.xlcm $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a zrdm +3)g+oyt0hahu*day when the temperaturho0+y3) muzag dh* rt+e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wv7w3: . ;mzjhs( lcpfwater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particu 0at.r5u6e:s0 uue nk/qu0erelar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tuq/0re60kenrus :5 .t0a eeu uemperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressur z9-56tzw-:x dqcqylz e of water is 530 Pa and the xd6: -z cw9l-qq5 ztzyrelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressur)i63m d9vm zwte of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insiwn, (2*cs. dsrkk -fiode a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 12 f-kowid*s.skr( ,c2n0 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volum ea)j2g0a 5enfe 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of (qvm ,ob x:j:dol+1m t5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for aqb4v9/3. :vbc ysjd)6vslnnv glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distan vls9 vv n yb)/.dq3v4jbn:s6cce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfacege:zpicm95 jm //lug+ of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tpgm/i+j/ecl95:z u m gracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been )-ct. 7doo8u6qwdkpj calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has em3h3us xt7;a been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibr/bf/sxfyxvx bq36 0 4xated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe c xfb 4fy/x0/qb6x3xvsalling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm5 *d9h6h p mkuw9ja,cc. After many ballmj9hp6u5,c hdc* 9k awoons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecuo:*pmqcyyl /6vpfl7a 94 my 8qcf1i (f3px t2oles in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5*fqo q f2p9y67/c3xo:fvlm p tam(8i1py l yc4 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter6x5s *2ty2o ftgmc (z17lt/r 9hx jrce is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techni/f 4 s)tzcz,osques is aboz)4fso/z s,c tut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 n.daa/0o dlfr4lzg(q zf4 -7 ym below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is d 4yz l4/7orffq g z.0-nlad(athis advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fr;jrst 6 t+1.9kehz,sag nl wr5om the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle g,rss5 ;n+a1z w9e. l6ttrhkjwith this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increast zvks1i ; h(k1dtajf+++pa(yed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77+i 0lu6zh7 yhk -oli/v1nxl(q0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure atyc,6gb5*j- xi u4 rvbi the surface of the Earth, estimatj 45-6 rbub ciy,*ivxge the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.:j7f g8o3ztnsy rs l2 zsai(wd7k5t(2qj7vw 06$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gau+owlh xfgt*m- ,cg. w6ge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmosphericolfc.hg,+w6wxtm-g* pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl oc9xvlbyy6snm, +: y(jf liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline u 8y ifo4y 02kzh nh7/.hsxh3wat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to qzt)d**1 rnnhfit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ont 3t:x 0*wevny.9-gr 4ruar ougo a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in thfe +l(ea * (0uzig2mive 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure k66ftfm74/b jqhku8z: m ut.rof 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthi1nntr jg2 94zh9mju 9 is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thr(g( rf v:rjg-yown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls prvyrgj- (:f (ger second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a h/zmat c703rq qb( yb-depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bub0(b tqqc3-bmhz a/ yr7ble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water ,pjx1d2+ mhe y+nd4kk yimp;s(h 6oz -vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: y , y4pk6im(oxesdhj+zn-h 1k dm2+;p
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when d- a0jy,yjjk:j9)p18wy re dvj(6q(7hnd w czit is a solid deep in the Earth where jyjrd0zdj1)wn(9 6:w-jpa dk (e8ch,vyy7 q jthe temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an8ii-y8 ucuyef; m9u4b ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume exp9fmyubuei ;8i8u - cy4ansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot a2cyd0 injv5+xnd mildew. If the cellar ixvnjy05 2+cdin a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg