Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the peri qog0p fel3 -vdl;gm68odic table or Ap03e llgg qfo-d p8m;6vpendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could bx,5qf8ff c 2 h:i3jp *wbc.4 cb8ujdhfe exploited to make a thermomet8h,3*fwfh:p ji d.4jbc xucfb5 8f2 qcer.

Which is larger, 1 C sp(h rfo ,kg3p ug;g7d :e;p0tqthl48$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal uj2g-)oyh* 3cr fw 3ykee4k5 d(jm8nsequilibrium with y)8en2u (dwf-jkg*oy h3kr 4ec 5mj3ssystem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strioxxdb5 :+mjb ;p consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heat+;:jdbbmxox 5ed, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coef pm6.7p :nek9- zgnhuaficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermosqfl m+s04 t6hytat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips o0+ fsmyl q64htf different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed awyiw .w - *:ps::tk :inmb h7ktk-le:dt the ends often have a section in the shape ofd::tk:: hkei k wb7swt - l-*yimn:.pw a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercurila x4xdb a5o+7q -nh*y at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass3 of-gbe1nl 4s thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explaig-l4 ef bsn3o1n.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidsf)u:i fuuv3(rh (./wr zs- nply than adjachw):u unvf( z/-p srs(ur3i.f ent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is than4u6hz ya:aycm 6/ :k1jjns3at its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinar/yj1nsmzhycajk6a 3 :6:nu4 ay glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuraten.mc)djb z03h at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top t s:m3a0hz- ;lz3txtcto bulge so badly the can will not xt:; thm 3zclzt-sa 30stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly vbn-5gq 2k4m-cwsv +i compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular c+kq2 5mbs 4ignwvv-- noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphagaby/i*;bi 7th7gi6 ere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is in6y big*gh7 /at7ibai;creased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law fxo +fj 5t 0fx(v:ghph.ollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absopgh+xoxh .f fj:5v (t0lute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows su(sd ;e-n y71 opikaa. b*wi0from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of b -()hq+my3(zl lw/zt:k a tzf$N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth ref nx89ryod-lhzej: 8/ders to the minimum speed an object must have to leave t98zr 8/:joe-yldn dhxhe Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quic+w)a,g;q klrv otw- ooq z-i:2kly than water at room temperature. What can you infer abo)vz wlr -ot:oawqkig;q,2-o +ut the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable tha 9/gqpgq+ 8iwnn a hot dry day at the same temperatg8i gn9+qw /qpure.

Is it possible to boil6 5zuf umn66; tjoq; bypw69m-ru4gqf water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temrx:5f 2qizc,yrnz4k f1ypx faatu)6x* 5b q**perature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.yyx5q5n*a)kr: i fx fbxu2r ,1za*ftc z* pq64

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap (/gsk/ e- zq) nyqgjs(of an overheated automobile engi(s/k sjengq-yg qz()/ ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white c i-wpylof ,lb skfp97(,zcg* ;loud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gt/b v 8e:iz;g/6l nmppram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the n zslxp7cljc/1 r* szqk9)k b4j9q.:jfumber in a silver9p*sjcq4z . /z ksjk9b7jlx r l:c)q1f ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thiszm 6(/zyq 3p *vdu;usm on the Celsius scale?u*; syum q(63z/zd mvp   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatur ife bxwlaimy-(/-+n3es recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, thob5ejd/ra j+-peq4 c :e alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0. e/dojp-qbjc 4 e:+ar50 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 l5gu0i; me 1ef$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built 1vv 6ouo/2xxtzq1t :p:amfw4 of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 2/zvof21o a:pvt4 q x6tmuxw1:5°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that ao(4b4bj afo8are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be plaoj abb(f o44a8ced in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4u03 kjehl czo7oce54r(676p3g t tdj rkbf(5m $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Wh0 znn+kkqni+i.g 19uesv6*ex1k ng-q at will be its change in volume if it is h kuene *nn6si.n gkzq9g+-xviqk+ 011eated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fill)m9ac f+u etd8ed to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20ue+/ewhlg+; ku9cq., ooo9c*lwb 3tg $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring madz kax1/ )yxi,8:w zdul+aepb3 nt67fre of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lo6zq uw/wghi) )ng, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficie )uqz h6wiw/)gnt of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change(1 rfcxf6y wd21dl n8 ycywy9/ in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate:;puty v,d9bi of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansi;btd :pi9yu,v on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrcgfj r /0/l0lmg-n 5xropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1f4 nisf / 4j.,aowgub,g.oufnj 4sfib4, w/a,7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0m,ld3btarf n+)i y /t/.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255mr/l/f y 3dt)nb+i,a t $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about itegdu -i6ivd). y7+ tnpa(z m.as axle on frictionless bearings with angular vmuvt(.6 a-i)dpa. y gezid7n+elocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 3tkb-kgow1 n7yygokx41g :7 s15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the t xgoo gt7wkgb173n: kky-y4s1 emperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041e ( bmzwkuo2lrs;g.s9p0 vj,2$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2 6g 1ejtnps8:mgg ziq:8ph:o.0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin stj+p .4 6*x 9dvqxdlpfcale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature 7n 0as, o 9txcbl-5 r7rhuevp*on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the j6c ;-d1lo zscq 8y*kyEarth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engin(hx7 : wzww 7b:seuof9e, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abuxe s fw::w( w97oz7hbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density o blm -fjx;tnc rj3:h8j hpnm-5*pb rsj7.gj60f oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg ofh*vq 8mqptci -6qne4 7 nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP co*jm0zg 0y- p, vuk0)yzl.5nhmeo- iq untains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gaszf .azuu;7dkm9+ yt 68.elele is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container ht zi/9qg dz849a74 3kpcvgyf eolding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?gzvty 38kiq4gae749 cf/9pzd   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of5 c.6ddgcn/fq/crukf7 sr b+) $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lifwts2(olxd q +(lkn):nt by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense t(+ :dxk 2l(tlns on)wqhan the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit2yn 9 h5l2etzgh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at j bu) azlo vg,nd 9,y(vj2,t0xyx09tg18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea yeg(26g x)2pvq 6 hmtflevel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of 1f e9o:.vuufp/c30nbo+ux ct molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.00+k t1ox-b0gjf 0 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) su7bb,8(zol zvf gl(-moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumoo(,y3 epgkkm h6x3p1e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mou6;ja8w0utic v7 p1 dxlecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last baixt p6du70; 8cvuwj1reath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at zss60d 8mr6hi u jyy73aps lg5v(k k*3STP?dj6hgupv83 asz5y76siy*l( k m k3 rs0    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near 3 fnpav k,-3)wm8u5l*m8p qtdumv(*vj u) dxmthe surface of the Sun at a temperature o- uaxu3w,pv l5u pdd8kmvfmjm8*m(3 * q)nvt)f about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperaturedn u68 vf ;3-qddwjn1k is increaq8 3nn1 ;ku ddfjwvd-6sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the folk4/ gt +ss,r7lr*5 mxxq nt-jylowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and kt45 gq-ts jxsny/m r*+l x7r,8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas ak/)i *hvjx:64* vqlfiyd f z1ht 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volum ew+ tw:8+vio 4i/ l3dvy44vmugfyb6oe is held constant, by what facoiifle 4wd/w+ u4ov y6:48vt+gb vy3mtor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecm,m+kej 9 )xyottp8:5q4h pvoules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of theitm1 bzuqy/ih+heg i.j.c/2j-r rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the / ty1jeh /iz+gju iqhm.2.b c-square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen+8m+d*ifb.jlx xy s4 ( ribr7o molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule sb0a34y o ;xwmat 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogeim w hpg*7s6ui;25g xrn molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular massu*uj/g g)o 56r 41v2v,;mhumob t(ddc ek 2ycs is 89 u in a living ce1vovbk45sm( ugg *muhc) du6 or d;2y,c/t2 ejll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P o*x roe4g:vv8 3k9;s itb6r uuof a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, bh8xxe.0f6tt$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phash1pn3h n moc 03s pw;f7nk42gaes can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressurevht)nnb +b8c8cm fw;lbd)w, 7 is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a),wt ;+bm c8cbb wv7)8dnhl) nf 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the huw 6cn d3pakmn2tey-6+midity is 50% on a day when the temperature isdca wt6e 6+n2y p-n3km 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure8glpq,w .k+ jm at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estim f,xlu+ k(-anwate the temperature at which waterulnkw(, fax-+ boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the mv9:avtxf30 ,b io,no4hzft/partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relativo voffz/hitmab: x4v9 0, t,3ne humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial presx fmw.vw3hg (pj8*;lpsure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker ifu znum.7aoh: e694wnmy* 3vnk the water is boilin n y*4v wz9.u6eukn3ho7mnma: g at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vom -g p(zp66kwnlume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d3 p9r.wu2:en ka rwn*dew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecull gjc7-lfqn27 e (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distq7cg7 -l fln2jance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface ofo * fljx, 4+ ;si.mhkn k1.gllnol)0xv insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. Anln4 klv +ognmj xo.lsi0xl*f). ,kh1; average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been c 5yu hzj7d- 3vrwfo/z9alibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bem ziig+s9)k)t0zv5ssji :ut + en calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roofzmqr fx8/ m)u(l31bvm temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water andx)u8(bfm /m3 vq zf1rl the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gar/ag/.9aikk1 f ) ofzfoe*a 0is cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the o ai./ o1a*/i r0kfk9ea fzf)goriginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of kmy7ss3i pc fiam* /v. 5x /+c-9vbwmhlength 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22.mpsw/s x-5m bif a/vh+ *cmv 3k9ciy7$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one at5hi37 qr.x*b uosxl:gom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usinbaf9g hww0 ;j:g the best available vacuum techniques is about9bf :g0ww;jah $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full g.a-ob/4jouf capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume wouldooag ubf /.j4- his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entp hs-u(5l 4twhers Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehitu4wp h-5l(s hcle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110wg c,w7/ycv)7 eh6gxgpne 1-t$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770zn:x5 fm4ts1yhf 96 ky)xri g7m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfa3:uy7bcln 1 iice of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the3ubi71iln:y c Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed v: +l+dx/ uj6-frkzhjof nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi se0+tb k75gnpb5lcrg y(q)+ u(13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last 5qr gb5( 70e ubly nstk++cpg)if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqurucs7l* u6z7b id mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolineb51h/4bdggq(mio)*5 g d s boe at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit scr semyui(c2e3s 9 +d;nugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto *l7v+un0g iku a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standarp+kbz(l,p8k rd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged,(r3opt-z pxd9i*vb; b has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i1 fj(b:bq- zdls $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ball::wm.s)x xvg pqs-t3 ms thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they pg.)qtvs:ws : mxxm3-have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble o4pw xh( p2tvk3f air from a depth of 14.0 (pp4vw3tx hk2m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor 8h+ g/ ylshc u1/j-bjr2mexqb(qn: w-pressure in the air on the following two days: jux-r- cq y e1lbh/qwhgsb+/2n (8:mj
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the r dm9qojs jwd4e.(c37 density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid3jdme4dr j9 (7q ocsw. deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas atce6./ ekl)m2pzt r7ou constant pressure, the coefficient of 7kz /eut)m6loe. prc2volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.