Which has more atoms: 1 kus:zyqod+m i2 n68i 7yg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix Bsyzoy82i7u:q d 6i+nm.

Name several properties of materials that could be expy0g39x0mlk2vp4 yky s6i*xncloited to make a thermometxyimgp y9032n s 6*kv xl4y0kcer.

Which is larger, 1 C :h)fxx,hw evjpp7u+i0o 6rg8s 9*ydy $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal b.mgbkz. /t)or+j2tx equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temp2tjxb).tob m+ g/k r.zeratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists o*;sdd,, kawj bmz3irhv6c55u u16 ljzf aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curv,l 1ajjmh6scz3vb;u 5dw 5d*u,ik6z re? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion:q e*8-)zjhz 9otlpz g $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used tmp , i.q6,exsto control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts elemxt, espq,.i6ctricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends ofx 0q(fh *a)t7 a8skkleten have a section in the shape of a U. sft aekq 8a x(*7)0hklWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flo m/ h.eo z2-lgoba2iw4ats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermom/p. / epdf02f4v,zwdek9tvi ceter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descen4/ .idf0 ketwd9vf,cvpez p2/ds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidlbgwgn8 82z7mx:eblyv78 yqw * y than adjacent parts. Exqbewwzgny2 lx b *7v888 mgy7:plain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass i 5,ce s5z-oba5dtnsc4 3bq0i ts that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than tn-o,5c0a3 5tti54dssqbc b zehat for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clocm fv,epo/(s*1j vji3bk, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top u9uff o,)n0wy ghpepscah:u17q9 b11to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happenpfpwgqs nu7h,u1o0 ch91e:fyba )1u9 ed?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston)8(vw i rr ,tjpp kew.s7g6f9+o, its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular not (fwv.ptes6r9jw8i o r,g 7+kping what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphedax2eg. lsr/ytq z*.cl c kz8t1.::pare submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased gc8:asle2 r1.k aqtp :x .lyz. zct/*dfrom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic t* i,zvwer e;a*ptd 4vsa k tyne/,3j/t k;zt0-heory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the abs* t/0*,yraz tjna vskdtwe;4-;3kv/piet z ,eolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kine+pb:h w a-1x f /nmlo(ba/ed8ytic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosyo a lrr+3zi7vtrk4lk((fwtl;, 2u3td t6u-mphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the 6h4tmx*l dmsg.(8nhsv,*hyw minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain g mmwv(,xsh8nhytsd *.lh6*4 why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperant8o1xhhgf7aic / 8 z-ture. What can you infer about hgz 8f/-i tn 8c71axhothe molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far m -h58mg jisfhrl j:34more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temgr 8jlm-hh35 f 4ji:smperature.

Is it possible to boil water afz:6tmnv y.o(+rwpwx +/a i1 it room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temp:tup50svc79ci7mi 3nho )snqerature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air :7 h5nsnq 0 ptvi)cm9o3csu7 ior the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated )kmbvpyhdk6.v h4-- f automobile eng6dbk)vmv-h-y kfph 4 .ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in th1msl7taa j0/2x+tqz me winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thxk)jt1c shu n on.1:q-ere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number o)+ym f( .mhhhrf atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a srm.) hf+(yhmh ilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often tak lk:uorwk p0q az0cm( +7qrx vw/9o(vh6*mtq ;en to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? 7koq m 0p*qq0kt+a9xvwm(v/oruz r c6lh(w;:   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures wim )-l2r:whorgux: 2recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengthtvso*k+ ( i1gw 11.82 cm at 0.ov1t(kg* wsi +0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 mr vi fn1r ty z103:2sfd9;jqzv long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wro a if4-yr nh /f62gfu.kr-2xeought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average tempexhr e.gioufak 2/nf- r6-f4y2rature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger2ufa7* k)vcq o than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet ) f2*u acqovk7is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at6fc.ohhw 92 tb 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Wtzt im5.qcefe( k4pl 6f4t: utzvl/ 84hat will be its change in volume if it is l( et4t:z4vfqf.u8ik54 pz6 c/m teltheated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim 3q. m3(p0x p(rcw yc czvckc34with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.si gq5 zj:3ch9rv;b2h 50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. d7u)tt :qb 4qrAt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it 0,sil2rbfmg ys/6(i g 6wrnn( can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approx sbm0irsyn,/26rgi glwn6(f( imately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densz( pazhyu 7lw04:yzp a0n* h8vity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w h )tsqnv nodut8q /*0;las coefficient of linear expansion t8tonl*s qu;/qd0)n v$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic l b*b4j uq**5nyih3tgae ,4x-2;tfj b+qwzscsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1- :q,reon9gqdygjpz,g8e /s,7/,o ,qgye:zgsj,r- d egn8 p9q $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury t,xvj2due3 fpxk hn*x/y8 a): lhermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0 3kn ypf2xuxex*dl)vh/ 8a,:j.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumih ge*cm6z)vvg p(3 gx7num cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fri*pxg gz6 v)hm cgv7e(3ctionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired v 6tqk u7i+jm-2e qp(alength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it ak-2i jq m+7pvaq6(et ut this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.09pexj9 0) e y)ei f zmqyrim.gbp3v8.+41$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.or2qum.d 92sy 122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatu, mv-+x. ppvlo)2beg cres on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahren0mnn ru-.zhi t*2g+8r;i h e,xn/l ldnheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are aboyl(6n x8psyt)lf 30ieut 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmo4bqw+ *ff.otmh )l +nbqd+td,spheric pressure and a temperature of a hbqo tdn+b.+wt*,qd)+flf4 mbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen ago vm)s0p;r/e2ogy.) 25uu f(oxv ndnt STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 /4su;mn4fra *2h:nw axz8 p bhkg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogenm;ddm zgp)97 * uaq*qyf1 hba, ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gx*nyqzikx sm 8l q:;cl4;p+/has is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containerz( yzem r,m9r:6iet jac8 :iea p:c8)v holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385rv68p race:9 jc8 m)zi ym(ze: ta,ei: K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of/u )m ae2j :kinr9k)gzkpv7)z $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lwo zjckg-:5x ;ift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppg5o: ;cwz-xkjose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a.0gikoia6wjl21kq 8 vir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 185 auvej /+v 1fvdd0v9e.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at seax2 6ny d0sb7vpfevjcwrtc z4,mn) 5;8 level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofvx yi2, c/jj6bt-ud k mf:*m+a molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mol5.lg:7k:hwo4 danj k7cvwjze gx+ (;uecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,mp 6+y h-f-vsaxaab1)dj q+c:    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volummi*hnp7: ib; ee 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of t7,vc3m zzkmh-r,mk4h7b 7u t air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breah7m,r zv c7k,bmt37mu4zk ht-th Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translation;7y(ooe 0jpb fal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? ;7 0p e(yfoboj   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the pii- )cp wtg5kj./(lssurface of the Sun at a temperature of abou( )- ipsg./tlwki5jc pt 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if)t jaxo .hm-+j the temperature is +. ox t-j)mhjaincreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following sp6h5tz z x.mgs4,-si uvj+m6 yveeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3,jum6-v, v+ y ixztz4gm.s h56s 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculquk(g+u +z ld6z8chu0. (xad ies in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whijejv7f;qo*sn 1.sm-rle its volume is held constant, by what factore- o j.rns*f;1sv jmq7 does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moqzk ;se c u4e/jo:u+f.lecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of twhyux;ee zc 0,(o gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their mole,x u0eyc( zeh;cular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containe4alq zw/ 2(bdjd in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molec0pf :x8kdga1gck6jz s *2 kk/dule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average d3pgf89 qyh1 qgistance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms 3) p +gwesfte,2:a e 3ajd-qjpspeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 fqpe 3da,:ts w g)-2e ae+3jpj$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P o0orizdkkp di fd2t1.) 8mxx7 sfa*1 ,af a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urawnyq6 fot5*f7nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in dj , 87bkampa ma57;bjwhat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure sp1y,pa)0j1s uk bl, 9fwn0uaxc +o3r is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) nuo9upx kr1c w+,)j lb0s 30f,a sap1y90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) igg+l b:p 5dy6klz vw(s/6/xdcf the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempes+l/dp g6(cgyk /db l:5vz6xwrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils, pbucd 59d4qe at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mouk2fr,opgoi ig,e2+ h 8ntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperaturioer 8hg k +,22ofp,gie at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day (eiaig c )uhgs6 m6k0 jf9ua)*when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relatii9f j ku6 )(ui)shmg6a* geca0ve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is kv vt t- m;/l.+m+mcfu25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressu0hojlk( wjb3kk9y.: bre cooker if the water is boiling at a temperklbb okj.90h:jy(k w3ature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rooiz6e* b vx,/ *tfm qid1u5m1ddm of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of dztmyy /1z ,j3)9ez 9hbxxf9p 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine m) mba7ml ,y tjkn-mc .i5w/xf ;zer7r*olecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 17aw* zn5b,rtj/ mlmekfriy x-)cm; 7. 5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the intcemz- tz o62(uerior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long an-u (c m62tzeozd has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mq.9(eici: tpaloi7q2 easure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calg9 ghq4zb *:+irxckd+ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperat79d g4hd8oda bc:p*qz ure. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and c q9d*ao4dpz :h gbd78the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is inis/c s6 b+3jbnuvng9nxn7 -4 uatially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pregbsbc93n6+-v4au uj/x nnn7 sssure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width a-6h5lvld s)pu0m tkd/y 8 9uy3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Asd8 p9 06ku)hys-v/ymaldt 5 lusume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pecm4. ,k1+ihuni hl;1zyawk+vs 5nk t2 r $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using th4 +vo:9h4 7( v*x3 rlqxpp6vtbohyqmo1 s ej.je best available vacuum techniques is abou ty o 9lh 7oxevv:p+q13oxj 4.bhq(jp6v*r4smt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full ca2t ay:y v:clc6pacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what 6lvy:atc 2:ycvolume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon ente)bike34r)sva bc gt,1 rs Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to si))a c4rvgbe3 bt1,kwhat temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas;muh/r l*.yq s is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumebqhw4 h1a29a xzu k kwlq+c +y7fyk/,5 of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressurqzz s::pbj 9k.e at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Ear qz.:s9j:pbkz th’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nii6kve/ b 8r:uktrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a h00srxv4t q3 yi9j fmw)1vkze.k1v t.rospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/mi. 9kv1qvwr30y1 t4xsf)ivmjezkr .0 tn. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqu51votou) wz;oef*rq 7j n( aw6id mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a* ff2l a16himft 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly shjax8)-c w*aeqp0msc ,p6x: around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass e/ 1oxh-aaf4jjar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1n (9,9oov 03qvz 4: cvrurmipr8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, u2y1 pat w8vtw-h2 k-zhas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartubmcmvhv+c5 0zcb m/64c+v0yh is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vh/ekza1qrjeuw9c)r *wib* 9) ertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at ki9arr9ez* c*b)w/j)qe hu1w12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble ofah9p 8u i-6-hn p2dcy7qtd e:o+t:u q dv9/vze air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and :- 8q7 ovph6n9pdudvqa2tde-+ 9ic tyez/hu:the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following twonysx x1 8(z 8 *uj5)bjqp1q b7; 0b-qrpphzedv days: qb ezv *;(0b szxn81 ypdp5)8xuj bqr7p-q1j h
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP,zlw66vu vv wzf*d08c , and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the6z, wc 0vudfzw8v*6vl temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideakkj l 87mu5p;zr :x6nal gas at constant pressure, tlpr8zmaux n;7 k65kj :he coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peoplcgf ;6 fee5a at5h2,xp3;gx pfe constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. g 6f5a x f;3pc;xe2afg h,et5pIf the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg