Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic thnhc6 uei-. 7f4tn s0fable or Appshc 4- ft0ne7i. hn6ufendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be expl g:t3 4hn ),tip9admv ir+9kwcoited to make a thermometer.+kigtatmh cr:n, vdi39p49w )

Which is larger, 1 C)f5 h )ipjgjoy3c*6aoj m(,zc $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is nriv60qs :cx5 tot in thermal equilibrium with system 5qx: s0rc6vtiC, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consiswhif5 :/hq 8hyts of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why:fyhh8iq5w / h?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of logswg bs6( ,+hpusozg-r 598winear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thejmu8wy:m5:a o7ew2-pin54nt, hkscvrmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bomj 58wt7h ,:nie-mywvuka245n: opcsnded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixo*zg s61l)jlaltioe5+ 6n2 ic ed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. s6 oegoa2nlcii6 +j zt5l1)l*Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats i,bqg8 5y qz(ltn mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placemq0u0j7hbra ,d in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and thenm0aj07 bu r,qh rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heatednil2/d;t p-l e or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. E/l p;n-e t2lidxplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion 8of/x x*hgi 4lc+ af,ris much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrechrog+8 x iaf/xl,* f4x.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at2,7wh t2 s3t vi9gnf2udeda1q 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the ca.7ir,o4 ja5p8odnpfan will not stand up. What has j .ppof54i8n7, da oarhappened?

When a gas is rapidly comprt 6:f/jx cvronz( g4y-essed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the (y6f o:4j-gxvnt/r zckinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or dec )y4gp6; jyqojrease if the temperature is increased fry4oq)jj 6 ;ypgom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the sje8fm--r1 di/ i.qmd y(ag v,relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperatgv j.m (1q-d,-/8rieds ymifaure.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kint9 1uw-( ga5at)xra6x7j4lu2t(sjf whk5nq wetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio j5hy0.m pk+taqka9 c:of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object musti,lcb4/xw dx(z74e yo have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is /74zwxy b e4l,dc(x oifor the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quick)e.yrks/y b4 -:b dmlely than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propertiesy /ye dm4sr: -e.b)lbk of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortablv 3 *0ohh9-oudrev ;4cbz9d vze than a hot dry day at the same temper90 bc9 ezh3vz4o*oddrhuv;v- ature.

Is it possible to boil water at room /z-vb mpd,kq: k.u1hx temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when6: v1 mn2o8ltj5q jgry the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the s ljrnvqty2 6j m8g15:oame T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rakoraup cui 2 -92z*3xouvo7g/diator cap of an overheated automobile engvzx 2p7o3ucakog 2/9o* -iuur ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white wx fua x w97h0(27vcfucloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coj:f),i; de4h q( umilupper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms i v) 0-ir9l-slle*utsi9cag0o n a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring-r g-cl0o*l9s9 ai)0eiv sut l of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” iac7*; qf,kl i- p4gzjk7u3we as often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?uk,7a *jel -3azwgfqk;i pc7 4   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 1.r* wo( y;edf,qpkl1n36 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the a0fq hz,.*kq h3g5.1conx ycuj lcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 ,c 5ko u.cz0*jqn3hyh.q1 gfx$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is fm7xh . 2qlzt5built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appryvasc hg;hs a 55d(m*7oximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much a55ys 7hv;dhgcms (a* its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thas 8;k-2rm+ zrek xwf8gt are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole f e82mwrgzk+r8s ;-k x1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4.pa nil /sog1: $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its changev(vr-bf+n s/e in volume if it is heated from 30 vrn+f / (bs-ve$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filf rvt*wq(db5j3d+ m b0)hh+qlled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at v+s-3asz g*uyz.nam 0txh0y,20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plac1k6dapw.l2 nxv 6 q-oled in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so 9ag7p/82ysvnp-0u0 9hldp0fzw uc jlr o:qg2 it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient /u2nyr 09l0 o7zq9af0g- vdgw:2uhs8 jlp ppcof linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in th)f(/8jmeke. mbb u kyw*lao(4. c6nnke density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate4ie1y 36n;xu5bv k:yegw; ody of length l and width w has coefficient of linear exp vx:;o3kneby1y ed6 g4;yiw5uansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, zxs y qowcb1u bk10.)qw+s(-0wjtqo ;firq ;:$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at)kl3 lrv;jg qrr /l+-c8ij*s ar +ns4w 1j;+sir lna/ qj *crlr+gv )- ks3rl8w47 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a me2)q vzd03tu ixrgi e5)rcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb i5etd0r3)xz i)g vu2q has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatind 6.dpi-:pj m3e/ m-o bjuzrm cxh75,zg about its axle on frictionless bearings wit ,-z:5dbo6rp j7xc-uzh pmd/ i3mje.mh angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much st)n9; -uypqgalress is required to keep it 9-g)uap n;lyq at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.04vm14w6rdej9*o9d wfp4dq 5d q1$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm5q-m vfu04fhs at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures 8* 5r e oin00n.oidsruon the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature o6 b u(ou2*ruqon the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are akfz+3ihl7l8i-,nco mbout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperu*f i;okhejcp-ud..7-vs n 5cature of abp 7uk ;i.5-c.fodhvsj nuc-*eout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.,m ha2 xw+ol8 tstg-mt2+pcu-    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kgc7kvy fl:ja .i.n *g:w of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5xk1e 4nmxlp kl5i 9l72 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas iswx fs,n 3n+nhz/ 7eqo* at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas atixhe4 * s,)2zq5vm oai 385o q2xvima5,h s)iez 4* K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of63 c .xqrki dqd:4t6l qb0je)d $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatio vusk02lp,.cng the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose pl2co 0.us,vkthe volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 155a ;-jkbwde-l $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 3z xew+)zb.oz :qr6p1iib5 u z18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon-gy )7-vedmq,) pow fo escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number kgr-gamye - p2 v9oo7 8bv5ko.of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moll 1.kwa tg rd8w 8o5v+b,lipjco- ,uh8ecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mofs(ayn7 stbg wp;(/+ zles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumt5mvz q. +gvd8e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of aipkj65 (aw9 tvir are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the lajvk956(t wpiast breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygw,:u+m 4, c5cmrgzen ren molecule at STP4 uec nc:rr z,,+m5mwg?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the.od2abf q72je surface of the Sun at a temperature of a ed7q o2f2jba.bout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of g +t7okg((ycn sds8m4*,n dtju(swm: gas molecules increase if the temperature is (jd+ mgn,g7o:t c4( tky msudw(s8ns*increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given 0*5n a zkz2cmfin units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, *n c2m0zfazk54, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gasb )j)u,w:d) c0tibz-zbqg f-i at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doub 6r(mjs3,6ocr(4diy2aa u ytjled while its volume is held constant, by what factor do4dsi tyru ,6a6(m( yarj2j3 coes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in ae +4wsan zxwoa.g*r,/ gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, td cymn4c)w.4yq g(5o ghe ratio of their rms mywdyq og4g ()45n.ccspeeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in anw xqb7yp 89x6f*p)l n,s* mimiak4rd+ 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of v (gcf qvjkg0g,m6/t6 an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules a 6+quaepxus ywz7- s;s4 f4p)ht STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose -1r0u bukj :h5uggl;omolecular mass is 89 u in a livin ru-;lbjuo 5g :0k1uhgg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a l1)9yr p lbp7rgas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urav a-pf*j1w2p12s gh ylym0a *mnium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what ppjd+ us5 dq.(whases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatvr w8t+khv pim(476qm ure is (a) m4t8kp67qvrhm+v (wi 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the hum xw7sm :9 qakxg0zia3)idity is 50% on a day when the temp0sx3i w9q7zaxa km: g)erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 pexc;bk499n g$^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure a40np ja u:a6zzt a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which :4zp naauz60 jwater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperaturh1i,be 3vlpbiwb34 7 ce on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humid17b,ile pw bhcvb34i3ity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempera -fpems0p 6av)ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate p /3pkr 6cctwk5.tbzs7, am,cx ressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temp,s a zpmc3 kc,6 .ktc7r5t/wxberature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volum8 y.1enyw4y sie 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of rau 1er3pp9l :pi8yt;30wxno;f 7y o+7 mmdbu5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffusei09t6+ sr zxla a distance xtr609lz+as iof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through t0mxaibw o9rnx k 3h;v;w hk415iny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long a10r49i;ax xownmw 3 vh h;5kbknd has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated m zo0m t9 )1 whf1j/+mzfosf3dat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape dbaj)1xih0 tzkw7c6 0measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How / bjl eee9t9vr72r hu4eope3s,(p2ic much error will be made in a reci,ht/ eeo297erlc(4s bpuvi2r9 pe j3e pe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many bal(k+1nk n.rbl a+ q)hpeloons have been blown up, thak.en( hk 1rq+bn)p l+e gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air mole sf7vm51 bo,x. tdibe4cules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperaturb5 imxv.od7b4e1 , tsfe is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atoml s9z td;4si6k per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is ab nt0h3(x8(owx jinn 4tout 0jwtx4onx (3 hnit(8n$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lung:8 /lh)oqvupx t-bg l(s to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to ) l:x (/8hoptgv-lqubthe surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmospheri.o-a4gkrrx7t9ynp/s:hl 2svo3v 2iq (rk ,d e at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made o 2od4iv -t xoi/nr: .hlr3,v7(g92ypqkksar sf special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is ip7nzjky:8 t .p (bx/cgi5 g4lnncreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770orx76zt9 tl 5lm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Eart0cow2f/gsc8u mp/u. .bs2 xwzh, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earx8sm 2c02cw.bgs.p/ uu/w f zoth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.69htcko 6bay/:kg ,o0 b$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi 0eiw: eue*5lq (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min.q:lwu0e*iee5 $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowlf*bi0, j) fi (os zgs+pt g4b/scb1t*a of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline aan wq5-yi ba)1t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to-pxhv *;mw( sv fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glaszm:tj uz9 4b8hs jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, p 98h c n0qdkbzf p/+rld67(readopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressukan(a n.g1f/q3k vps.re of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is t7d9x s :qd)6hfjlynu j88l j;$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throwk54qu/.nin ujn vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid ela/5 4kunjnqu.i stically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from iu3az,.mn* w0wo* lugkg10qlp oajg 5 q2a; 6xa depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reachemjgw,;l i1uuq . klq gon2a5ao*az3g6* 00 wxps the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in o)jo7ku.w7 kxd hrgy2pgz -q 207zcdq:t9z1ethe air on the following two days: h: kyo )tczodz7kggzj7u2-ew 29dxq0 . rp7q1
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP,y 6*onz*iah 5e+ yv;oc and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000h6 y*oia5yc;*+evzo n $^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to shogm;7;op e9 ucis-mui 9w that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion i9ui;eo g-9 ip;ucmsm7 s equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people const5spa-:.ywf5 wu c wlr,antly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and arscpwww l., y-f55u:mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg