Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or elnm xytb)/1, 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix Bl/n )bytx1,me .

Name several properties of material-y d*(yt gy.tes that could be exploited to make a thermomet*y(y-t gyd e.ter.

Which is larger, 1 Chualex ryc7di75j .) - $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermalxfv3en. x,z -mx5+w:atdua ,d equwa,t a : d,x+x xe.ndvzmf5-u3ilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists t*i1 hng87l qibmjk 0z;nti,au+56ukof aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: Seei1 thi kj gz8u,lq5ubn; akni0t+*7m6 Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficien x he-i)pr1t3cy 6:zviee8;nr.kjh, dt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to contr0j *p)ju s1mwq+wz ;dqol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can b*m0jw ;s1 uqqzp+jwd)e set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often halw r/:.lcok;bn/6gpv)oqmyzcm /;s je 2q3 r7ve a section in the shape of a U. Why?/k7:e6wqc b vcgz;)p.l y/osmr 3q;n/2l morj

A flat, uniform cylinypqk udd8j,3 *der of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in (qb1v xrg3ef m,i9,gsa hot tub of water, the mercury ir(g3sgv xb9i,1e ,m fqnitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled mor*rvkv wv 5mu*0e rapidly than adjacent parts. Explar05wk* vv vu*min.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glaic.qg e +gixja-5h/kf) 43flbss is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that fog 4ea3kb 5 l fcqgh+i.fx)-i/jr ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,gmrlvxrj9 cei88c )80/roic a.. o op; accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottoz.e 8la*25/jmal se bpm and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. W/*.ljabms8a lz5p2 eehat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistona) w m(kkg).q86o jjhe t6p(rv), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what hk8raop(j v )6.k)wmtj6q ge(happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increasuqj: t-4oxh2 he or decrehuhx-q 42 :tjoase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how ikc3xu7l 0 6l9( gea*g(uazxh fg:z/y Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation betwee0i g lf9 (u(*g3chzy6gze7ka/: uxaxl n average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lus2w:a:z+dk/ e9npqx uysac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s at j9hc,hz-to *jmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speugclu 8u(79hxmi 3v14 r2l ytned an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller 3i4rmx2 uv8 unhy9ug(lclt 71 mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates m:(pcd *hy5vuapat 0 e6ore quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular proper06 ed a:*vp(htuap y5cties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far morew8 xvnx0k:z;u dga -nv)q8p5k uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatuv8 n0gunxd k :a;kvzp -)8wxq5re.

Is it possible to botgs99 m +4juro;k0lj h*q:jg2 bg-tyqil water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity i31j5yvwnx g;l su*f n*zfqr;.h f(6els different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the6nq*.fuw; j;zfl(5fgy 3en1sl r *vxh humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open tjlu 1mmoq.khe )ils:wpeo4 *889 wd/dhe radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.wkj4lwp8/os.1m :iedehl)8mduoq *9

Why does exhaled air appear as a little wh1c7 rbvh /qd7eite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-xj+o cmsg+.u3upj(4h gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gr,2i/.y mo,fsu bpwx7ham gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mob u pm,s2 7y,hw/.xifass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is h s+bbq,+i;iflcb19* uuaj0ic h54wx this on the Celsius scale?q*bhcs9wf ;,i jblb1u4hu0 a + 5ici+x   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperat2(u my .z tgeb4)cpf(tures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 004fu 7 wmuwy5d.0 5m dw7 wuu4y0f$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slattepp2pw46 zutl .j mxc,219mzdf-q1bs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is n8t5yez jfq 04built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (avera zt0e4qyn j58fge temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, r,ljfy31xsgrqi :m+b9 hn pu2;ivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diametryqmb1p +xgj 2f:,h;s n3lu9ier is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 a:inw3l: gd ixs+ )thix+m8m4$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in dq5m37m clk0u( lqb p8dq-v49umb har2iameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from m8qq43-ku 0au2hq7pdl5m v rm(l9bb c30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL o,zyjz2,sybv d:fi /3v- y/abof water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waterte:gl 8glai j15z+v3w at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. A cpt -myu 04jixx-t5h/t 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand inz7pbdu(w5c,d2-s sd(4:lt nr nrsuf1 essentially one direction only, show that the effective coeffi,1(lfrrwnsz sut5 d - 4ps:nucd( d7b2cient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in th6s(gyb6z7ri we density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffpw okp; *0yh)sicient of linear expansyw)p *hs0o;k pion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic(6 pqjr: flfn mwxy 6h)xvr;8: solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clocw7i d z1ro1c,dk is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 1drdio,z 17cw $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter mu01lcsm4e 7x c8xqx8of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.ex4 1m 8x0cmx8sul qc7255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.bj-xv9c/ qen9 41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings w 9v bnxqj-/9ceith angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desiredjg5:tymr qvm34 s;i; n length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tempeq;; r5t mi3nygvsj :m4rature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of croa blprlh0bo jm9 -/j7:ss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm p3bh7h2( zvdwat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturez(e l9zea--/,gxqbl sx1 c18xqf rv,zs on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? h*zs/xt) uzn-   $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the 2f52scrg m7o mEarth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure 1ndtya ehjtc 2)ve4 aw 7*1ad3and a temperature of a d12y*jh4an1ac3w te edtv)7about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usinoc d7:gj tdx-ztm90i. g the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 y/af-ec)y8:kbr bb b- *0qzwekg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrog9 xb j2yspiw+04pm g2den ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas0ffwm9. c3ch c is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contai7du ce7qa1f5r ner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38f177ce a5qdur5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of- 0fts1k x1kmmrpv5,b 1adby 4 $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the b n4);slm-f:thx jagmh 0zm0m1alloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose tth:mjh )nm 0galmxz1-;4f 0smhe volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15xcsi*zwd c 2pwk9 x332 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1;sxifee*x*df4/f.n+ o pa5gi8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level 4 bqr-*la5l u2l3f upband 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molehbfj .(.mnp)b cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How *o 0.zr2 w2ybszt8i+,dzy ihdmany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mobiedsu864 dy 4les,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5. sgal o88q-deny g o9h,0qt1(z1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molz 0jv:opa t5;b(6 m 8aqakb9iuecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of consj 8v5o(a ;6m:p9tuzaibaqb0ktant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at S6h9e 6fo/*hcxinj gg8h: h5mzTP? 8x6hgcj6i o5:fhgm n9 e/ *zhh   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfacn qzsf *37at1te of the Sun at a temperature of zaq* ft7n3t s1about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temper:ne/nc*q ou e9ature is increased from /* e 9:nuqocen0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules hav+6:/6+xu o75dlbh8t ynyk ab jcvzh a1e the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0,dt hb6+c :8z51+lbyxank7h uj 6/yaov 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculnhigmo.-yl 0u6v ( f)8m1l rhzes in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas ip6(anaxld m s o dviqw u9oq-x0.7)u64s doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does l .6sodxpviwdm)76q9(-o4u ua qxa0n$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in -o0vd sc8 b6ltyzj.1r+rkk9h* mlaq( a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temp)yci5 j(mmg5 perature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rootscg 5yimm)5j (p of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogenxp+mnw :v vz rc 2a)1p*3gy4mf molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule ate0zlj kx ).w*m,ji9pd 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at stshskp tyo .5,z7r;f36nu zj(jm h*6 STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecldci f )i3y3/+rzdv7a ular mass is 89 u in a lividrlvy)i 7/da3 +fiz3cng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writte7 liqw2:zfvo*enjw:tw ur jn; 018-sjn P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniri m lobp3lvj y* 2s:0+r75jdkum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasesa5h ad 4vb,y)s++8 cccvt: fwb can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pres) s 9:/ 1km+pgcrswa .xhrmcj;sure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 chc)9+.xsk;/ rja p1: wmrmg s$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a dayg r0hm vgse1em4l8 0dx n80ma. when the tempermnel0a1sdh8m. 8g00rx 4 mgv eature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whe:94mlzkm bt659i zdxbre water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particulaclyzmo9 t8hlb dzxu3c /56y.(r place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boily 5yc3.zmo/tz6d clhbx8u9l(s. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partialz -wc lqii241r pressure of water is 530 Pa and tcirwzilq 2- 41he relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure 0f5fb.sitq2 oof water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate presta7 u2r+pdx8vsure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature o2p78+atr x vduf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vor2y (vzw0b/yre 2sl*ulume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew golw .jt e kb(2j8n(f*point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyc,:l4h klgfz-nd*/ tst ine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 fnlzhl ,/tks-:4*dt g$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the inte8v6zysd/jphiu4; u5 u rior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cruuy658;h4dzjip vus/ oss-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mea okza( 753i;g sjcu2mlsure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at * f;z e3w gkn7jeox--s20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How mwr-0yv,6j7vw 9 rz4fbm.ks- tntza 6 tuch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cupm4-f7rn60jta9vw6 yk,z tbrvwst z .- are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many x thh-fbe7g6,+ h( l 2qro) rrt, xyw(*rc+fnqballoons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the (t ,l frw7 tyf x)nrxqh6b-hor+ghr2,q(*+ce cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of len ge) 2,mdedc1i6hd7g: gbqd) pgth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperaturhd)p:7g2 16edg)ei m ,bqgddce is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pu+fa hgen l;rcodgr-t / 7p*.1er $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqyhr/t m+ji;9p5nm/ im en* ip8ues is about+ ; 5mpmn8/p9hi/jt*ii ynr me $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the secq.n)f zl -9j:c k-vtjc.l: -cntkf) 9eqvz -urface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s qsiku/0)t.; olu*lf+jbqv g,bs6j u 9ifx* f9atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature,ulfjq )bsbvfo* xl i9 60ui+qs,ugftk*j; .9/ the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is j r3)x h78cxpgi)mls5increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumedvd,p)bxj/:x39nqt j of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric preest2nfl8sj0d f 6wn 85ssure at the surface of the Earth, estimate tf05nt2l e6sj8dn8fw she total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in*ewu 0 7n)ceuc a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used inj 1lv96zzkg b-h k7a8p a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last78zl9kk-z 1gb6h avj p if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats za6,i/ +hfi4mbzmr iy f.)u8ain a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli),3/ epecfmu one at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equcjm8vib50s * ot c*7qpator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly o fqma m. 1ikx9-ajjr9p,un7c4nto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopwu. rqhxr n+-*c/rz t8ted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hasiy (e4a ggh9r2 a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fromde;f 1) *0h( f bb6zka6gvnenq the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is sqdtv143v(b5xf83hndh7 b gfa uspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upwardbfnv d7 (hgxth5 f134abdv38 q at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble 5cx; q hy+c2lzof air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as 2y ;cqx+l5cz ha perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two dadyg3; cr28/*pkbphp6- y vbriys: /rk3vp* cdygp6 8;-b ip ybr2h
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the denx b4.1 y-m.krdhu :v j0dt)kbesity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deu kvdm:bjrb-1 4y .h)0.k xtedep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure,y9dtp/v (x u+h0 du2 hg,v5bqc the coefficient of volume expansyv2 t9bqdv/ph+x d0(gc,h5 uu ion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly(qjzy/mxh, lr:zx1 04al5 fe4qgfa, c dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the ce4rqz cx/z,e(f:yhl mq4 0 lxagj f5,1allar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg