Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 knovwa(xxhx1 wvth0rxw :.3h 05-6 lbng of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix 6v-w(. wh3axb5 wx lro 01n:hhxnvx 0tB.

Name several properties of materials that coul sws06q:fm.ab d be exploited to make a thermometb06s .awsmq f:er.

Which is larger, 1 C 6+2plsk n 4idk1 xfz9r$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syste4* gq,tb)pptjo j vg7/h3na2 rm B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperaturjb g)p4/na vt23thpjqg, 7*o res of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stri ur a ;n3d xwod:rva3:m2e/oh0p of iron. When heated, the strim2d0/ e drvxan :uar:3; wo3ohp will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linea1,5s3 gooi0apq dki g)r expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermosqm+ eh;8f /b5llq xpz6tat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this demqxql5b; +hlez/6 pf8 vice controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that a1flp zr1)vo l.re fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whyz11)prlv .lf o?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lea1qb1 2e tcv)fzd floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firr jc u1;+p:vt-v1b4mbuk/ps )cu m0v df5(nylst placed in a hot tub of water, /4k+lum-vmfusrb0( vv1p d)5t uj c;1n:by cpthe mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated o(f8 d6oobm orr7; bjp4 2a t*ebsri:l2r cooled more rapidly than adjacent partp4ol:m;o 7ta rbeb6bf r2dri*(jso28s. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its cotp:vws1d 6c+ v;rr-t sefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glw vcr t1 ;sdt6-r+sp:vass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clo5le40tnsbv0py1l n0 qck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and xnug znhp w4e09zwwa-sdc3 i5:--zi5 top to bulge so badly the can will not 4dsw3iaz g-n xpun- i wh5w5:z0cz9-e stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say,hd.dpzv:.nc4 ktz: a: by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happensdz v:.a:dctn. kp:zh4 to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increaqza rsqu,;( 1ose or decrease if the temperature is inc,usr ;z(oqq1 areased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law05bqwuc70v a. (tvy *g,qj kv*h ahr4y follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the ay,vyj bt*7qwcra(a.*4hg v50 v0qkuhbsolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows frk*qd22tw (ye :icl dwu(g 7:qiom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, th:hk 4i r1;f 9of 2m(1rfcfv*claulyc +e ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to tq :j,h263n )j*o c szpppdwfq/he minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifzop/p3*qpw hjfq )s d2n:,cj6th what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you,kp(mmrg,. epj 0lydsxd -b5. r9owt8 infer about the molecular propkep.,90x ( sjydpltbmg-8 , m5d.orwrerties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than ak-z,d rraz*o0 hot dry day at the same temperaturer*zdr-a,kz 0 o.

Is it possible to boil water at js*qk:q b2 8dwroom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidid 8p16(h86hl dekf n oj0b4nebty is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the salhnhb4f86jd0 n bkep oe61d( 8me T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator l wy)k:04wyocyr- x,y+jiev(l z +ll; cap of an overheated automobile engine.0) l xy(yy yzk ,iw++rl:o4lc;-vwelj

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Figi y6pzpdj +6o/.ko*hz. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there inp xu3 d+fqv/c4)hoyf6rh d+ h7 a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.6sxzp2gnzjcdb/; 5 ; vwtp0k)5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the samz2pp;5xg cnw0bvt)k; jz/6 sd e mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 5;g)m r2svg8 0zehphj 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?8p;gz e2sh 0vghrj )m5   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and l7-b llbl ;h:kvowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohbzzam(rv+jt,fwan2 5b5e/cb0 b08taol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 +(z f crv0t we2b5ba5at0 bajb m/8,zn$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is p4jp;y x1k-hi +tm3hb built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 1 zaor9*7w; 0q;sw;ad t45nvncrhd ig9ljhp. ;3–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (a arl*ar. d4;s 7 dn9gz;vc0pwi9nhh;;q5o jtwverage temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are x+ ib9jqt/70t m8t x0vmguiopq* m9)zlarger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the ho9g*mtbo 7zu 8 /+x )tm0qi90tvpj imxqle. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterxkr;2 nc ug-utmsf.;; at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will 0pqs7p-*mlo 5fwpy2 4pnmi2i be its change in volume if it is heated fm 5i7 i2yo0lmqpwp -pfp*4 sn2rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 *k q5zbz*89mv)3:naf unfzwp,s : sd lmL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 psg b6.dfzy4h1cx r*/ $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed ink t;b3nfdv0mvq/c; .r a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can egxspd cc7n2. hv+3 h+8xjo7nps 70bdzxpand in essentially one direction only, show that the e3+dncbd+g720jxosp87s.7 vnxz hphcffective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density 86ip(( t w-v0blpv gvg$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengtz 8h25 vqmc0wnh l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion c28mqvw0z 5nh$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,gq6/o0o;i3 jgs j+uzs01as y i $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock ic-cpd pg(ht,tf94wwtq e;0k 3s made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1fc(cw;4 tq,9gt e p-03h kptdw7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thea4gg *o pn+y*brmometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bul* 4gg+ob ap*ynb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cy2skc q)cf30tl(on u-cb a b2,d s9o2jllindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless beblas s(okq ), lc-22ncd3fub90o2 tcj arings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired leethveit3g+/* cu0 jp 8ngth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temp ct*ge+ji30 tv/uh8e perature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-/qm (pp)fp5/u cw pyj,sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter / kkp1b +docf, yj) rw23y)yxj134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temrn t+a..6ybt jxxc1 x:peratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature onx :kxwi(wrh ht t20c42 ,lhjm7 the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abouj;l30p4ch ubv t 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air abchkv)6mvi5)z+ bct .t atmospheric pressure and a temperature of aboutc v)5 bmcb.tzk6+ vh)i 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usingl6 mr -fv.d g/oe0wh2j the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nit*3ci4bc+x6jg ys .bmprogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitb,e ii:* xrt0ki70a aj tg ;r/0lvayk.rogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at nr3(d -bzw.qyqg,d0jfyo .. g10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 3zh/55:t/v mvk*9 xy gydn q8p+qtc h*j5.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K? tz5/jnx*c tpqhv g9:k8yd v qy*h/m5+   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg 1 q2y)/g glzpg+a xh+oof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon ach6vke0rnh 6+sx k0hs r8,twef7 ieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, w7s 6 ex8sw6vfh,nh +k0k rret0hich makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15vfyk euzd+-p(m x 41 echkar6ov7q 617 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at nrxgwqy533j rysm69 n t4tc7b j(8a6q18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand att(( +;ran/ m;j cbtjov,q(s rs sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molechbu 8 ftz l1n5oqn1:;gules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water ar-uapqjv69tq p 97c of(e there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (9abix.t07l xq .pe 0kxa) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5*g7.r6-dwr encr9v mu.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breatzc 5 tnbh87sv8h you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosph8bvcs85 7ztn here is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kineticenaqi 20r x34e energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? 3 eqnrx02e4 ia   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperafgnp fkm;t ::jy) 0.bmture of about 6000 K.;g:pkny bfmt:j 0f.)m    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temuh:(-a)kar *pr -cli gperature is*:l)h(-ig ap krua-cr increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of ;opzfy(5rgx 7km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calp7gxz r(y5;ofculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas l 0gka htr*7v.at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume n5b(ukzeb0+.e -u vmtis held constant, by what factnee- 05m bktbz+uu.v (or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is gh -swa3s/ubb3uy m+;t( bl p3jiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases aldpg/7ld sy:i1t +( um-nr0p tt the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squ/:tlrl p 0 gusipdtnym( d7+1-are roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contai 2ka*fyr2oj,jey) n+i ned in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms -,pd6q*q kuhq5ga7i dspeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen ,. k)do * rwhngztx(t1molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mas(,bw4:q xisu l dwb+,us is 89 u in a living cell at 37 :, ,x qwwb4l uu(ds+ib$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressury)ds85 k .igpye P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ues,lr x 9d2s+ 9k-nxykranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whlr6ptya :6:i pat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when ts+lniwokdb;x0,y8v 5 s lqw/*a(f0 c 8ite.olhe pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 qes5 *io (;on/y+dst , ixva0cf0lwk w8 b.ll8$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxim 0,5oj n q6/)cigktrksately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperaturijksq)6rtg,o/k5 cn0 e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air press4u4o-crsx5 eo 4c2:y wdav -vdure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimat0 g16 ,qzqhfbre the temperaturfh, 6bgzrqq01e at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatureo b e:wb3nrkd66;rsv7 on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity o b6r rbkde w7s:3vn;6is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25x(3 lo e+c*kyt $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure55caf5u fg s)gxt nd y1 c;ha7dq,iq/9 inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempe 1cq5cgiy 9qf ;uf7sx5/ 5a),dgad nhtrature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r6slur 0n/g/cgoom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poiv /q*zpadwf 3ka.,1gu +k b*btnt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyciq il:/mr z5/g-af zt(km*ep 6pne molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofe*6:amlipg tpz /(mrzf q/k -5 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior than ) a3,m7wx:6uxrk8 p kmews/rough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of /kmexrm:s )u7wp3,n8wk 6xaa$ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20p*nrrqf23txr/d7e/ka/v l 9i $^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrate:;b+v+zw nlrb d at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much exm(zr+:kr yk)ds ,v d:rror will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if therv:km(k, zys)rx: + dd water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm *jj+n/f.pqn ze;uq9a . After many balloon; . anjnf*qe+j zu9q/ps have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m)l3mn s )f dc-8pwfg3l, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume8)pn-cdf ) m3lwsf g3l the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about rwu)/ .y4paijtsd f:d 0ycys+ xz*pg* e*)k+v one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainrgt0vpx u*-/39d fit2 xk2ormg4a 5 lnable using the best available vacuum techniques is about aml/k3-5 ot02ngt9*rdxpfu4g rix2 v $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of f-df.q pjb lmjmvdgu+400zbe( 19 no95.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the sl0.bdp g df v4zn9uj +e1m9q -mf0jbo(urface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle retu6 ct p-g *ec/q. g61 q, 8ud:ibywl6ykntxsmj.rning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as qcupk/it .:n -e xd.wq6g l*6 ,t8syymc61jbga bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inmw9 ncfdk)l1 9creased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofbthwpr))tysn 2;7oc2 2zs vd: 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value sbjzk 90g8 3wwof atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total num wsbk83 zwg90jber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contaifj/) 94uslhc;grd +hwo5h h(yned in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge preh:in,l e4pobkwj2(8e6v -w owssure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/mink wovi:2wn-hej 86,wp(ol 4 eb. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury atuh.8qjx m aws43v)frka; n /r. 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinn- nsoy0u2zitt6 u-n-e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the ,ndvhx( b (s)cEarth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightl7emqal0yazik77 0(iw y onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standaroqctm 8w43 w oy gr7jr3inhi .2+ctn+3d, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm 3 +esp +ioy(i(l)nlcc at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is5lj;ma2fwox ) $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lie):ueubt qvw qb6v;l(d7 he9+d is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they havtvq vb6eu(wue9:+; le7qh)b d e a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) -n ,fwzy a8r9kbubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reac,z-yaf nwk9r8 hes the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure sv qp2p9 j,i4d+gt zq4in the air on the following two days: 2pp q tsqvj4dgi9 ,+4z
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and q9c f *jn*fp mzffh evq925,,jwhen it is a solid deep in the Earth where the mfv,he2ffpqzf *9*q5 j ,jnc9 temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show th)2 . acsgb x :uhp)62nd9ovtqrat, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansicq 9n.aupv :6go)bs r2tdh) 2xon is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.