Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iro9ub h )x*3j7,gz)oj; lqojfxbn or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or oj;9)7b)xjxh fzjo*,3 bqgulAppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could bec02n+qw zyx7d ndg2j6 exploited to make a thermometer+72qn njcx wdy06zdg2.

Which is larger, 1 C gutx4iz w6oeo7p176yckb b 03 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is nofp7 2 pb7fref6oyzk go;3q*u 5t in thermal equilibrium with 5fp3 ffzroy;7o6*72p bugqe ksystem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of ow8e6b6ela; y aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metab ;ol6 e8yew6al will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expan+0s-vkxlvd0f ya i 08sp m4xo;sion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (+.u hct 6wr0jpor other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wire .0wcuhr+tpj 6s. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at thbuhye:n5rr( 1 e ends often have a section in the shape ofueh( :br1 y5rn a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flox7h3 h6w3 p cdq3o9kd7 z-hqfoats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wated3undg ,k)oqg 9 vw4rx8ej( 7br, thg)3q g xew9dor7u4, k(8bndvje mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidl lt)b:jw( j(2cki k-scy than adjace-k)lcjcw ( iksjt(b:2nt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that i;sw ) pg9 o(z)bdhr1xits coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives ri ;wg (zobsx)pdh)i9 r1se to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuraqb3 *vr 9gok9ite at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulgefb 4,ojpss yf9e9n)cuh wn47u 2:ua;e so badly the can will not stand up. What has :h;9f )ecuayn,jnub42spo9u w4 7fse happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pi5qjc + +cngg8tston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noti+c j8gg t+q5cnng what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water inc/n u99h t1 )fy*martzlrease or decrease if the temperature is increased fna9ht) /1 r*um lzyt9from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows f7kze:k5ws)tu dh /x1t rom kinetic theory and the relation betw)k5hwxkdeu 1t /s:7zteen average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic the1llw--5n v uenjf u3k:ory.

As you go higher in the Earth.k3sd 8;8bdgmqrc8dtw d5zt ,’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an rizd950s oq)j+vei)r lp1 x7 gobject must have to leave 1qjip)7+eroslr0 gd 9x5 izv)the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mlfw54; jb (khdore quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to thk (djfw;4lb5he other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far m* tbo1u(lw s)zore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same *l 1(uwztos)b temperature.

Is it possible to boil waterhnu5 e zs;4x*id1o p-d at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempshf857jy bz;b erature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the by85;fszh7jbdry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated aumi (d7hz4n7jftomobile enj (mi nz774fhdgine.

Why does exhaled air70f4evy,vxrk.dv wc kjb.40a appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram wsrm:5 y n)ce hep(fu;:j*v)v copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to th (-/at yhg,oxge number in a silver ring of the same mas,a(h y go-/gtxs?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken tq /ilr8n(y ce3o be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?lei y8cq3/n (r   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recop8e/bke.ygc9yik.a 4w tn)5vrded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the va, xknq 8v+(lx5e2zsalcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 8v 5e,2xkl+( vnxazsq$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bupjk(h7 jx-2uso: cjn s8g0) built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is buimi0, (kotdddf;5,y kjlt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average td5(,tdo,mi d;fy0jkk emperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets tha-v stvogm1 5+yt are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1v+y -51mvstgo .871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4u 3h; gomjvg+; $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chaneom8/c9 leb16c)ny,8, qb i ytkjb;ybge in volume if it is heated from 30 ,e8)9 b;1nc qboe jykytcy/lm i ,b6b8$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to fhrcsj6 4+ 8g1zt bgg-the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wate9cllo 3.2g c x,sf0u1br+mpmf r at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 d2mcau5ynsdg36uwd aj g2hw :8v16 5v$^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in3lylhljk2p2u)p 12hun dr26v essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient ok u3uhy h) 1pp62jvr2 2llldn2f volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thgnir+g )*tfu/6 i 3asle density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lxry 5jx5iqd op-7 6vl42kq*vqength l and width w has coefficient of linear expa4o-5 v7yp*qk5 iv2 6xrjqdqxlnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotf*bic p,tgd:b6 k:c 3tropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect3bc y: /gjhkf-y0etk5 time at 17 e g0j:ykych b35ktf-/$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has ara8mqfiro .9u en-15kn inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has.m8k5nqo 1e-ifrau 9 r a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is roct tu ;m l(doz1.xez//tating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angula.1;x u mc/tel/zdt(oz r velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Howv1m+ m/c t2nzcl1st n- much stress is required to keep it v / snlmt+1tmzc- 1n2cat this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0+7jk: ))/a4kzigw qzj*dlf ud6pqd-g.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter rfs 06;cwo6e 1cn r,eq134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scnv/qu m3e:*7 0fto vqbale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what bg1lk0g s1zm. p7 u; tig0yba0temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun arec7a(ol t(q;pp about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheri lp/s4rx1l *jfc pressure and a temperature of abo41jf /lpr*x slut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of o 04 at*l bzio2jsw9t0qxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contaid1fr s2xs9 d:ins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg og ;+h9yz h*uy,dwp7s9x 35tztlg5 evu f nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is awcb +xwnfrbv8*h 6dh6 u0w; l/t 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0qeq*cprl3 ;b0+ee )wd kg of argon gas at 385 K*dwe +l;ebq3r cq) ep0?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg q eq3 xxt*fdr:px,7t0 uwzm3 - zs +7r9sgqg-pof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ballooa7vl .sgnha;+n, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloons.g7lv; aha+n is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air k23yqlzg 6-(d wr6ekzat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atabll)mvbz; yx k)b,k;h:2 gm)uz(-;aykxsd; 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escasfg +u9)sha;f -c gm-h6p 5riidf8pd:pes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mot8j,hz4uxv jt+8tet1 gbp8i6lecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How m /l 5erf9q4 . cfexm(gb*if;ldany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (* getli/q5 1 cpdzc,fy1b -x.1 noda2ha) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumerjnkf7z rub/ 3 bkmr.4.(wrnr+ 9+ir o 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale ths8yi)l xd5;3cjy s9f c4y,ewm at were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmospheisxw;5fcj, 3l c)ey9 sd8my y4re is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic en9 qe *utbpd4p-4qj8k(vuh h,lfsl (k1 ergy of an oxygen molecule at STP? 8kjubt qs,k(hple1 h94dpfq4( v-l *u   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the s tr :vsz. (3fnfq46nlnurface of the Sun at a temperature of about 3ln.n: qs(4r6 ntzffv6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rm uk)sg4)v: acwypg5 k.s speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increasugyack5).k )wpsv :4ged from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in hjufdk3 6 5o-funits of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speeffd6 3-hkjuo5d. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculesqni ue:/i :a:s in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is ds+g,6* g id deooqz*s6oubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doqs6siod + gz6e** ,gdoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givena4 qjx3g4fl*8ul8o ht by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture o 50qjsn ;1tnv9z0q xb5 0fgjklf two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecularf q k05;gnqlj0xb5 n019vs ztj masses.

  What is the rms speed of nit r-(ufuibzpc 63v6;tlrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygenjrf- g7b (8 xzmvlpj.. molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP? *aqwddp9 f0k5t4au h;qk;np5    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of any 0yhk p4y1tm.i:7j pb amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living0y 1t.byim 7hyk4pjp: cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bey61ml :iryq3 vjh/xs8 written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, xks+n(iyx7z ;*xtl(b $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric przw,33uo: c p lhhmk( s:trf++d2vp1clessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase 8pa86raxq, x mxxw*g 4when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 984m xxrx*gw6q, apxa80 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity,gbk. * vbcoctp(3ox( is 50% on a day when the temperature is c*pocx3tv,(b.o(g bk 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a r o8k yabx;-q;place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mo9z sw0wg:k5aljq (j .guntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature atga(k9wl0:wgj . sq zj5 which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure i z(z 1k. 7oqyzn;t5lpvaz0 h9of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? lh(5 ktpay ;z9znz71.iq oz0v $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day whe y7q .5+vefgo ygi,pnp2xuy/av(f/z 4 n the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside pqx 5y/cup74zg; jo( ha pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1qzcg4o;juy(p7p / h x520 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6804pl3 i-d srgr7gx9 r/x$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de1ixa j 4xyqr+g/w/j3l w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–f- c6rs:h 4yds4) to diffuse a distance ocy drs6-f: hs4f 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfacep(pc d351 f)jdr2qkp d of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long andk5fdd(pc)12 rpp3 jqd has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calakm -lgd1qg5 zx7 oe.:ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been d2j2 af2 kfly2calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How om0rosnm( 7.aqp j6; ymuch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water,(o0m r.76smn;qaj yp o if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initiallgf. ibx , rg*pdu ;ygf,ry:/+cdqh)y 2y 28 atm. After many balloons have been bl/fh .yu *rbry+:fgyqpd ,dg ,2g;x)ciown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a r lx4ijsn*zzzj9 ;2 yb4oom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and *jn;lzz4jsz iyb 94x2height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mattp w)w6e,z wbqa-o4 mu1er is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abo-x1/v fti(vqjw wu* 9ia0sza j6 w74leswtw al(* 0j/i67q19zvx juve-i4wa f ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs twu.+o.z mu1k7xva,j r o full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisableruk+.x1w7jz mvu. oa ,?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s a( t(j6d0n.cb8wjckhhj7,rcq4z +soytmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a brik js,h ncjdq8bj7c (0c +w4h(zy.r6otght blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gasp:dqnyx-,1u qc*2ak1 kvp 6tg is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7 2syxov .q4gl*x /crznc5*t7 f70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface ofb( izwup 1f9cdx 3.yg1 the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’sp x(wi1uc 9dz1yb3.f g atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen movx 3 6re 6p2)otsh1arcf8c d5(sfxx(klecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure g vhe+ixac*.80o0yod,u r cp1 :7ftxm= 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L *dv81rao7iy0.u, cetfxmpo c:h0 +gx/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of*p)(; pvef zk nzg+r0b liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinvgkb,9kw ms. u1 p4yh*e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fisegh; ub,bwsz9-/t a03p; cpnt snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws ti/,0w,z:y k/ xzcqonb y9fjxb7 ghtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in t jrj:sm2p ;fgi(o k1;nhe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure an;7f(9odh hek9f+g,fwdj9ty nrc 1 4of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eehh6op ao8 :(pxcw65uarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended d.+tixr ciw:77h;. ubt r3p mye:-z xtagainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upwardt- d7he.:; :yxmu tzp +cxi ir7bw3t.r at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherip; *)pac9jx,t1g y gn*rh7phbcal) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a l*a,g1 p 7xrhbp;yj g)c*nht9pake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wawe/ e 7*dl;eqiter vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: edq/ei; el7 *w
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when ad.9cmt2oois.b u.x o8p. ovt*3d/ ja it is a solid deeu9ds .. p.c/ *vxdtto2i3joao.m oba8p in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to shomzi649+s acmt w that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is ast 4+mcmi 9z6equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cxbw3 qhv;dyh zx9./6 qellars to prevent rot and mildew. If tq 3y/h9q.6x h xbvzd;whe cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg