Which has more atoms: 1;sji,2x 0 ze (r0k9mh54grw.wjkxlzq kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Aprq(x l xij2.jg900 zh 5mkek4r,;sw wzpendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited jpm4-u i ;fa jv/n2w9evb*0 srto make a thermomete rwf j2*u4/0ipns bv;9majv-e r.

Which is larger, 1 Ctd 2ffbaozm89( j4ch( $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is )vh18:jnkq4 zfpe omw 01 4ikknot in thermal eque1q) kzh 0k 41mfn4pvji8wo:k ilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted c.u)br j(wnp eykw793 to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: Seecuw p bnyrw )9e(k.3j7 Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coehw sdlhafgfvt36j3o o*v nb2/ 2+c(7qfficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple the j/ zct;dvk5/i-s1vb zrmostat used to control a furnace (or otherj-//zbi5kst c z1vv ;d heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fyr 9m(qrja*66 qv:yzv ixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of r z96vy6:m( yrv *qjqaa U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0 4c)xzwy*tn1c $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermome3ut fh1190mhir+ felod 3ofw*ter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initi3fdeomoh10rhtf3 uwf* 91il + ally descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break ir)nm:5;c2po infz8iz)icgw *f one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacm 28cnino;:)if*i)pzg w 5rcz ent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrtngr*z 03n74hz-kl edex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistann g74e3z d-z0rnl*htk ce of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate atp-k 5h)o9kcp x 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top e iw;- f, b.dnm 4+z7gr2eacrhto bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What 24f 7 rmi. wadn;ehzce-g+r,bhas happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushineyd1 ml * (zsqf)y:;bi;r hes1g down a piston), its temperature increrl;fe s m*hb() e1:ys1;izydq ases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an,f o xnko;uo)1 aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incre);1oou ,nkfo xased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law foc3v-n nti2ysgg e-u.n- /x9g ollows from kinetic theory and the relation between a e2n9uvn x/n.3t--g gso- ygicverage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kin9lw /l1w pj av,.gmbv6etic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the iss, 4l-*7ku0qlilot, kj9c hratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minfm:edh3 m,fu k6)7hj nimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never retfjeh3:d7n6h,m fm ku )urn. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can yojxe b :ps,+zm5u infer abos5 : bm+,epxzjut the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more 1ue)dtvi9f)wc7ypfo 1uy1c 4m:b -pi5fm6uquncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tefwum7)1u e:mc ft4pbv15 cy)od 1 9-y6i pfquimperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperai1p jj. wrjip 6ytz 45l-13lxature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is dinjlixilnp64 b+ 7u p41fferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humidup4i4+in bnx6 71llp j air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangero)*ujz 9dq6ubx us to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enzuxq) ud*j6b9 gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winte9 q8,nhfj7oa c o:ev1 ivey2)xr (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are th 0sb7k: r0wnluffxs8-qi:5nr w 41xujere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring cre k-7 brhg/a)ompare to the number in a silver ring of the /-hrk7 bera) gsame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is o 6ud8.y4i ep0zd7exz gvp9oi2ften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?z8p e4 6z ud20d.oy9ei7vi xpg   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures reco7ad f8o .5 hieksnqhhh5j 8:2wrded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass d x8 c cc+p5*kmpjb(:mthermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.+d *xmcmc:b8k (p5cjp0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabsdy2,znk jyp,;wok k53 xl.+ zl 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron app ,;piu/o bzed64 pl5ulroximately 300 m tall. Estimate how l,5p4olu6/ubi ;pde zmuch its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole arp +s vblpnjyj ob*--w,x7 j)2se often used and thewvp-jj2 yp+ )sb- ,7lx *jbosn rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 45x/cr)) i*i( pvvg3uy curdm7 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamr7e l)khd*s o,eter. What will be its change in volume if it is heatedo) k,r* 7elsdh from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fill0my;y eg 0jh1bed to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofv.h4l)2j 7hsh(i wjod water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pl;9wv yqbmg(0wvxr a89aced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expkc(zu6;cy,d6hhr 3saand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume h(6r;hc3ku6y ,dscza expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chafa 9rrrt:/y qau-d:sxj/2a,i nge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient :oybo ti 5f:z0gu (p6oof linear expa oo(i6o5ftyzu :b:p0gnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropka -s bid7-fc1ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect b6yb3t x :zdb6w er;6boy- jk0time at 1: y6bdy6x- 6jwbb;o k3eb0ztr7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a merct) o,u e1:ii6v4 zdjovury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb hi6vto: ed vj4oiu1,z)as a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotadw(wp3 +98(rblfp tcyting about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular vet8dbrfcy+plp( 9(3w wlocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requiredvc nu+kx938r /7 hu8t3 g ahmiyakk:ig9uy.7c to keep it at thiha 8v y ch+3xagy9uu/73un.m7k :i8 itrkk9gcs length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional areyu.xb 2k)cs)l a 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134xc40fsyo b76vt7i z po 25mxi/.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempeh,myywyz u+h8 h 5.b,jratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on tz, : be5t*o;von7dooehe Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 405z+1rvj)oq w5 ymkelwd a78 o:00$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustivlvsrf9 3t)ce; 5sgthsr .x35on engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about;3vtc95hsv rfx)s3g 5lrte .s 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at Symoky6 qce5*)0ec1 suzz ii.1TP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2x0jmd5ha () .p :oesl4ia)otv1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP conta5 od qwld4jk8/7aw4ppa :x 1dq dp;-tains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at /zxb 4f8nbs . )mp)orf10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure i n;wrncjfhm6hv8p w m54pq /(5nside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?nph(j4 5; hfqn/ vw65wcpmrm 8   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg z/zko vgs-652tc;nzq +e u-a fof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ba m7 hkm .;9q1mbc4naobjz3d+ alloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside.z;mcd hk9mn+b3 a71 m. a4objq Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at0cu -h/e53msf3tlkek 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0n,:4cq oms3y / vg (wy,t7tnwh $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and tvln- j4 qy 5ius: kqt(+e;qg(rn 26jl20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecu k tb; 131hxae;tlzkfu,l)xj;les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mat8h0i)e) bx,adgjgfiz 84 0u unr4f9 sny molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molegh4:f n1y2ur31. f8vuf lt nhvs,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1 qo0ez*aior*y( m/*xc $ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L b,nn ;qazl. iya5s1-y: o1vyoereath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galile,5y za1 y.oe asnoi1vnq ;-yl:o took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tra3c e,9 bm, cy;1xme k5dijtiv)nslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP)xc,j5i3;9k m1bcvmey,e t id?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near t vu7ksczw*ehg6).x, jhe surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K. .cv7kx 6sge)z* hw,u j   m/s

  By what factor will the rm4 o0/uis;hkik2t83ljl-j n qb s speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is in2 bjkosnlhjq8lui/ 0k;-i43t creased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have thehka,vwj 6mi 8jo72j 8ybn*9cb following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and9jn8 7yb6 j ca2ihm 8jwb*kov, 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas :s*y8,wt aovs at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doub pdmiyg,p+f6xh1w7u8 led while its volume is held constant, by what facwg6 7xhd81p m yufpi,+tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is gilicln(pqh /1:ven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture3 eg-hrj1d.f)nh kdo(rp v/ q: of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is ed-v pogrf1d 3)e/(jrk:qhnh. qual to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecul djnyj(2d3e+4hwy) v6 h ah3yses contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an 3,vi1 pu3bn9u/p zh heoxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance bevp9uru-0saa lw(x / s;tween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a lic(8k ;jw8g5mo kb(3i g6fphs vf c+v-dving cggi6dk(sk v p;-85o+hwbjm8 f3(fvcc ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressur bb+fk6h6dk99. yoc xh iw5j8ie P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniufo2,v m3f9:.p3hea nyltfk6 a m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasesh8i2si,ei./ z8atll n can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tee+(q/ucs za n rs;xe+q2-ml5pmperature is (a) 9cz /;e(m e+surxqapns- 5l+q20 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew points(s :(2,6tlatik jai x (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperat2(aijli6,a(: s stx tkure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wrwuxq89s.3k +*k.hb3df(q b qwqk)nzhere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place inxc8eox qp-,q; the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tee-q8o x,q;xpcmperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature z auurt,:ly:(vz- 6jv p+(srm on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity i:l, p-6u:(z m+u(sr z yarjvtvs 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on7+9sj(usa;ty+0 y ou+ a axngr a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pre0rptbzec(8 cks++iyj4bi t; 0ssure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 12 btbz 40si8jr0p( yic c;kt+e+0 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68,3tnzypwtj 34:k ;az k0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po8mg pgslml3ixr n m7 dg/67i)0int of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Taboe*vg6 8uzd: ule 13–4) to diffuse a distance of uv86e*o:ugd z15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the syfra/ s2hj a51urface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea isjfyr2/5 haas1 about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been y8* mmxz ihox+ex3f4ipyj,1 2calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibra wx+1y5aza8y,5eopl h ted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calm.mlsjhxplk iv*f /5ni*/9(a ibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the w(hila5i .v*k9/m jxfm/s*ln pater and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is ini/qsh: e 9jh3ytsk8 ,hptially 28 atm. After many balloons have be8shp,9t e hjhkqsy:3/en blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number ob2mfqcknc; l c+4; e-k unjs:6ir *u3mf air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22nn6c4 *;qu3sb c- crk+;fekmum li:j2$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about oneu4y3v ,y-oy rr atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availablek7gpo3)x:8q knfjmf 7 vacuum techniques is about)xqj: konp83mfg7fk 7 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full ca2xw,9k:qi b)*rbi cgm pacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose tokmi):2i w*rbg,cbx9 q the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth 5ay9ynuhip9:4i/l+k xmy fl4 6 c5wqc’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) n /p ac4h5xi4yil6y95 c:lw+ufyq9k m striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fromp5bslp5n5r0xyo r; 9p 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume .kwp pm3 ,pfh-r a.o6kof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earnaw,3 p ;jrpb:th, estimate t;rwpjn:3, b aphe total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nimo,g4x0b0 zii trogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressuri7fw9ti a..e,g68mj8tgyhehj1hz i0e = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How lonhy. 8azm7itj wi9gg 1i, e680t. fhhejg will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl1;c irm l; )ldxhp.ubtg. oe*2 of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline as4*of-0wjsir qz 2 o*bmgb 6:ht 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aro 9st1dr q-.wwkund the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gq)u vsi6 3hbyuc( i) +cux(cu9lass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard,m rbop5pk8- n+8m bi7b (e4fue adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hk( 3 ezq3igt*zas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro am (h0 b5fa/9pzonta(m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gra4a l.:a pylxc+z 4ynqy-jn::mvity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elaz :.4c:qmn4ljyn +apyay lx:-stically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of h t2ljx/8rk:yair from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the:x jlkr 28ty/h bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follvd:s .nqn)1zpowing two days: n.svzd1np ):q
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron aqmj3o+jna9 g :tv8vog5*0geat STP, and when it is a solid deepaqe+oj 0o *:9vngmt8 gag3v5j in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant presg-1s2(e ,isqb6g prqbsure, the coeffic(s1i ,srge 2p6 bgbqq-ient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peopfhem pjv5)-pk6-a -m gle constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar i-m vkhpf- j5 aeg-)p6mn a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg