Which has more atoms sxb,dec56:q7ua nzkp ww9dm91kt1/b )9rgkt: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appebkke9p7 da,6twq/numxd 1g:z)1c 95 w rtsbk9ndix B.

Name several properties of materg7yig +e4rlh8 ials that could be exploited to make a thermometeggy+ 7il8h 4rer.

Which is larger, 1 Crvipfut 5,4* r $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibyl .tl44jc0l/pq3 o vfrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with sys.l4j3t ylpq4/ f0vlo ctem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rir2f -pwzts nw5j u.,9f1mk;eo+5l bik veted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which2,op ;iwm1 kusblkf wt zjf.5- e9+n5r metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of li j1;f1mjx:wuk x6 f8xrnear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagramyak6:yva; pt: of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at differena6 y;vt:pkay :t temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the s( jo dm/wx7m0ub rvtq2ta 87 :ivna5r.hape of0qduvb .jx7t7 vr8:/t( aromam w5n 2i a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mer:l +)hu,aati-yi3aat cury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-gkyfw- bi/nkh 4fn* s,4lass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, ,yw/*ik44nbfn f s-kh the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapik al-a( g3h-ayai2rf4tr- 1nvdly tha- yrr3f -vkaal4t(2ani1 a gh-n adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expa 8l(wdkotm /okj*( 4tbnsion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Taw b((dj m4t* ktl8o/okble 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, alxjsw(9 +ki 3o r7q2fwccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bu gr1hb .x0p al/o*ff6dlge so badly the can will not sta 1ghfo */lpb.0fdarx6 nd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compresmyqrnx3f3 6ybuv8w0ap1 v66j sed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expand0j81pv ary3fnv mqbwyx66u36s against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alujcg1 +ec;i dn/ +wdbm)minum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased frog+cemw/;dcj+ nb d )1im 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation3 s9vl-e3igmvyrn(v0gc0m1;vm u+mu between average kinetic energy vmeiv+uun0cg;mg1 l3vr9v-s 03 m(ymand the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fj6go c2 ;hqcrco4x): tollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratiob4cop4 gi3 b)dwwz8e; of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to thyey, 2ax- -asve minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no x 2a,ye -yvsa-atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperaturi1f.:e fxq/wig e 4t,ue. What can you infer about the molecular properties ix/1 4e,f :wui.eqgftof one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid dukem pm*rk(6 ( gf(+yuay is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temyp*(k( eum6r( +k ufgmperature.

Is it possible to boil water at ro wtm1t1 55cz7ued-q cny7y 4jiom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is th m;qae7p( d )c1gt-pkpe same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the a(p7 p ;dpke)tmc1q -ghumid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated ag ib*sxdu740y utomobile ei*4 dsy0gu bx7ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloblz ,4sd d++qhqj 9qfi*ea *;dud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are th 0rdxf.-c) (r5wioc+k-lgyfe ere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the nuq x/geg2 lo8d;mber in a 8gl/; dxgqoe2 silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is ofpu c6 +;ae6ck ty+d 5mj*ts6kften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?6jt+ec5 6 ;*cmayp6 usf+dtkk   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures 0y)k:y nm s2sorecorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermom 3ysn0 ak/b:a8o/saereter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.a0er yo /s/3b8k:san a0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 ldiz5+kmve 3g*w*m+o. n )) z.qs iydd$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is bb+j15;fcr*j a-i9o 5 ls qdwryuilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (averagewij*l1scaoqdrf5 rj+59 y- ;b temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rive:5xx 7ezjt rc+t hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usua5 exrzcxt: +j7lly in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 44.,f: l:4fqjfzu in 1zzrgk)q $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.m5 s4gtvf ,:kfhg nq(475 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fv(hf:4 qkn5g4g,ts mfrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of watenoyya6p (s6pj z-;i4 hr at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofyhd 31,/3 j+wvd)du, qdtgl atjd)+fi0fm9 xw water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pw1u2cfj96 s ai(b(bv blaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand i)/yimd 98ug.x wo6yee yefo:8n essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficieydew/:mf ue.68)y xo8 iog9 eynt of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density5 d0a 1sjp-tvs0h iyf+ $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linead/ dxxpz;s2 i-)vu8cfddb 55s r expansiond zxp2cui8dv-)f/5sxd5 ;ds b $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropicc/ lydjuh 03/j solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kegy+67 :yc xo e89nuo b3;udwgieps perfect time at 17 icy du6wo7:8+uoexb3 y ;n9gg $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 04 cnfo x5z6.1bejb0bf.140 mm. The bulb h exnf5o 0j4fb6 cb.1zbas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical 5fs5pl g:73 mvf czke*wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on mpzs*g7 fv e5lcfk53:frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muchtuh:zwl9 rqtj) (thli19qbdg(8 ,p9t stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperatur,q qzi() r18 w lt99j dbpt:(t9lhhugte increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 3rmzec7 c42vcea 8y 4.xiykm +0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.sm j/l5m, * reanjtt4ec-5xi+122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Ken pb2 tb+bpt+1lvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature a v.449 xoal0nl6 4swpe1qkw xon the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and 1b:7uk/ kuxd vSun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure)rji/.jt b :ofn*8phr2eyay+ and a temperature of abouttjpn+y )r br*ejho/2fia.8y : 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STv*q5( ukjgrlf.(b / us6fw ,9y wpmw)lP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitr)c+0dkz,k v 7,p 4rvo2j aeomxogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains6a mu ;v7lkt 7:jiu7dw 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is atd a 2wnf8a ;(+ecx*sdq 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container ho;+ w; zbn,ljsk ilb4r9lding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3+zblwsjli r;9kb; n4,85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0gc+urcr9dqhicxbt8d : /*t 22 kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating)1;pmwn3tq vnwg( fx6 the air inside the balloon, which makes tqmg vwf;p6x 1wn3)(nit less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 185r46vc fpnmn 7gzx5x5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen 4 +siua z ecvxhr2rn-68*: kitat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapeido tm0wb cv ti6n-. b3or5i33s a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numbera iie vjx:;7+ ryer9k2jf0 g*n of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of waterllhnfl -()q uv duo-5; are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of y leyyi bml(9(mtj9q. 2b**yh(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume kbe)*bf4 ap8xqw)u 4u,dse)0v(t rfvs; r5eb 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molee5oo8.7 tq voccules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were al oq 8octe.5vo7so in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ener.wj+d 6 qhc205 j(,houz rb,creilxd/ gy of an oxygen molecule at STP? (,6 wji.h/d+ czu 0,dbhjrqxc ro2l5e    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed o1zqsuoqywt91j -(f xd*op(9of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 60ywt1(fp oo(x duz-9 * sjq19oq00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecbmptn1d: ai9-q5( v qjules increase if the temperature itm i (vbad51jnq9pq-: s increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of cd7t e8pn);n7ffpa3z km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculatetf fe38pdn zp)n c;77a the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molgiw6 ucs:- eh8qk1a1 uecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whil9uah:6h /eal c1ij.yme its volume is held constant, by what facto69/aej icuay: hm lh1.r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecb(w:n j )c+awmules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same t7v9 n:vk l 5hekjpi-6 rhl3bb9emperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of thei3:lvjvpe695k9khb bil-rnh7 r molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cr 2)rb) wdx4k t,,yljkontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen m8l 9b2h7q sq *xguc3cg:nsa n:olecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nie lsoam2j:s;3 rh9 gkx *uba)pnj*3 )ntrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms spef1(k+xqe5k)g 5gz xth ed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livingxf 5(kgh5+ kgq ext1)z cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P2qhfh 1fr n469)4e-uhikghx o of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u32z-xsvy w p sos,oe0+ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases e+c,* iztcc )kg8m1;h-6h .t k zrozzqcan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature b d8rn/+ievq/9cll 8ois (a) 90 9b8rd8l+ oqv ec/l/ni $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidityn k3k92b36irhpzw1pi is 50% on a day when the temperature is 9ni pzi3 rb36kw21pkh25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 yz:w507rzcswz mg3g+ *b7 how $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains 5k;+w f ytroo,nvl4( fis 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which onwfr;ft 4,(yo lvk 5+water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whehql6b63wqi3 nn the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%b3q lhnw6q6 3i? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature i;dj mhi*k0oj* s 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressr/qsojhxg . q6);;9 xlpjql6jure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temr/.jj6 )o g;lxlhpq;xqq js6 9perature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumeb):piap(/ ryz 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinnhj8q6oxn;2o1,fhi g t of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed f:t 5)r- pkbwedor a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distrekbtw -) d5p:ance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the i8f0ffzlo xxkdy4;)h52 w+ k kynterior through tiny tubes calldzo fl85y+kwkx;)2yx 0 kffh4 ed tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrys3x0n *gqzj88jp h.vnhqo 26ated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been v, 7*-uip-om:8uzj o6fz xjkb calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normn (oqj+mx0fs6al room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the wat+6 xf0mnj(sq oer and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium;b)-po:jpx y3oa/i9zmx+i w x gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What b)oo+ -/;pmipz:9ajwx3yxxi fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number o(lu;q)joukff ,;9:bg,je e rn:i7pn lf air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempereub(nu j7ol:epi 9rf gl: qn,f),kj;;ature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is az:zyj2dxn,lsdmj1 1prvplr-8 a w.4/4vm hc 5bout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainab+(-yep3gl/1 2zp5zopx xwoa:e* ypnip(7 r c rle using the best available vacuum techniques is about7-p12oy (x r:zla3(rcwp*p p /oyze en g+ix5p $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lu7.srqm z40u xings to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surfimq. sz740r uxace, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of rhrrplz/ 9y m7- hdl81about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed corr 7ldhr rh9-/1p8rlzymespond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idefgdu eztbd; uu)4.g+ ,al gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume oc jo0q5 5/uzjaf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Ear9xvm ozmg.9s.ui.x pim8*w *o th, estimate the total number of air molecules in the E..89 iom wzo*mgv*ipsxxm9u . arth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculee j1 zuabqwuw0+: 0nq*s contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge press+e0d 9abslqq v7utb z3: h7po1ure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T up svb+ :qael1 0h7ztob d3q97= 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of lieva: l6 4vyy6yquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atdqcg 2vk)tgi a7xf)ow (x676 j 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eartfhi19b/aq5o ch’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 26ub sgz2a) nko6 fwbgsed14u.e x0.7yqv i;b/ 0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted ini/wuh 3(ire8v the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 ak.8n07wjs1n5jqm jgmq9 b, hqtm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th 68 0m 0z-emz5xj0t4ukz5faxo;jdh lhe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspe1.u (rdmzn u*9vlkx)rnded against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown 9m1x)zdruunl* r(vk.at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble onfx5p+x tl0twr4zoy 09 5 .ysjf air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. s y.z wo0x9r4f5p +0xjlnt y5tAssume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vnwif4p1x)oos(6a7 1cudp+/zq 10jkyf1 jyzuapor pressure in the air on the following two days: 1 o xn+ziyw6 1 7 jopaf1/c0f14pds(ju yqkzu)
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron atttom)vhhar.g6 4 /; htlri84 h STP, and when it is a solid deep in thev;ht4tg86h lt h4m )/arorh.i Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fo.*ry hb zas476: wboycr an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volh c b 7.6razy4:wbsoy*ume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly7cwwcr43nex n*he yh. v0.3 ty dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in yhx4r73he.ce*cyww30n. t nva house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg