Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of r-* x7iilzlh.aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendixrizhi-xl7*l . B.

Name several properties of materkk sn rmo31(+fials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.o mn1(ks3 +rfk

Which is larger, 1 Cym r 5k yt/t,in:z;d)5rd-b*(.xcm zl.jwbsf $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wit ztlu6tt((rn + p9be7hpy4etr1bb6 + yh system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and p6zer4( rt +6ybp+ebn 7 yttu(tl b91hC?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whesb 5xlo-,jw04 :f qlbmn heated, the l-lb:f,0 bwmx 45qosjstrip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lio 3l+q77okv8b w ozm :s/vp0pq 1fp0ninear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (lwxt(w ( -6u*yb-qsyt or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow tuw ws(tybx l (--qy*t6o touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ega/3nab +pq ede)iyos 77zy ;yu)e+ p0nds often have a section in the shape of a U. Whpe ;qug /ez7)ye 3ib0p+d+y)oyaas7n y?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercumt.sdky0 )g 54s 0zpj86zcyvj ry at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass .nhwoug. w)fo wf86x/m0;ikv thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercuh;on xgiw6.0m/k)w f o.8uf vwry initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or p5-g 7o)n(odrmh* h lqcooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ex5-7*h lrnhgod() qmop plain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear exk f5-aeltivun bhpos*q *l607-u e3 t:h3uym-pansion is much smaller than that foql-af6- puh nh3 et*:3ky 0 se5mlviu-t*ou7br ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2+nmfn7hkh1w/o8 y w ;l0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its jh 36hd;l fdm j(x4;zd4o+u (cp7vqxd bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will+; dcd 6 d 74uh4xo3qxjv ;pdfmz(h(lj not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pm 8+ljnnsk)pl /igkw8 tz5r8)iston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules whenk l+8n5n8ms r8z ktiwgl)p/j) they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerge6ge7ghfr:c p:mmg7 :ad in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incre:e f7a::ghmmpcg6 r7g ased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from7- x4ste6 6mabhih,bm kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperatur476mbb aimxhs-t,eh6e.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law f ;as c2+hwgo0uw;ji*wollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the or*5a9sif-7 fnt6orw zw2u.7(sg xupratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must ca+:5flqwn9 khave to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is aw9 n +qlca:k5fbout one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What c) leikrl09/ itan you infer about the molecular properties of o9irt0 l)l eki/ne relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than as5.eoeth+4ni 8f spez8c(8 iiu(qq2a hot dry day at the same temper8ni8(tqp eeqi(oc +h.f5 aius82e4zs ature.

Is it possible to boil w gr1:a lgky918ftnoi wc: 9tq)gl0ds 2ater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidiluw z0un/22fe5 xb v6gty is different. Which is more dense, the v lzw2 x5u0ebun6fg2/dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open 7wisr6vn3b:x)hm wv ul+ :ip4+v/eclpr 9tl4the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginv e+rpm ln: clh)xi64 t9w+74spb3/lu: wvrive.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud i2npsxk l+d.;ok) g uo-n the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are tsqiz/c;gwv 6 2 *4zckxhere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram go;+ c5(spkqen )os 4hdvld ring compare to the number in a silver ring of thnko qs;ev4sh)5d+(c p e same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken t emv8rrrk*+ j-t isql73 0ie s3n((e4unx ib.no be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?. sxv (be(3nr+iir7injq eru8lkmn 4-es*t3 0   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136uo izy m 80byh+en3y,( $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass therm- wht94;zbac cometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.h;czb9c w-t4a 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m 3y3xvxs1w3ka5 ygf 7v long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–2;8o9 l w 5 wn9(bn.agvi6smikts)r003mqwbej9) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averar()b0m5iga njwiet9 b 8s wqn 60wom;s9lk3.vge temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger th:.f):5l/8ociks hk(j+t afdvc7q-ca3r eete an the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually int/havdrcjfck :tiq-ee s .:a l7)oc8(+ 3kfe 5 dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at aydl2s 06dp86k(pmf k c91g jhqz48cs4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chahws*kabqn * eu-:w4fjn.8 zd-nge in volume if it is heatek:z4 neb*nq -wda8fj* sw -.uhd from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tn p)w9q8j3xr ao the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mLxyi8qh (1bx8n- +:bq*ou2apwxu eh -b of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be place zy x-4+a( y9wlrkf0tud in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long,3utq /c2 dgetld(a)( s narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, shuq(e td(gdsa/c ) 2t3low that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changj t9 dv 6fwkmz02)fl.9x nq:sre in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has y1 /3/x.ehell vt4fkf coefficient of linear expansiehx1f./3 evl/t4fykl on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so1/d90 dqdrg pblid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather cl .f0pz,gcl urk 2,0pulock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1cz lupr .2 gl,0fk,up07 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.qz.81t*)avt*1fw qjrok ues 4140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2554 atoqq1ret.fzvj)*ks1 * w8u $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.y 7mk p.j4hq04:w y ag6e8i 2kuau7pog41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless beuo 0q:ig67 k82 pymgwujhp4 a4ayke.7arings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much 52 bqm5oda6teo muz+;stress is required to keep it a5 b 5m6tao2udze;+o mqt this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionaloju a bwl5uu 9(b0,md) area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20 8l1:pq m0deuhoa w1r(7 e5ecqzt(u4j$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following ty wdts3ucd1; q5t ;7ibemperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scaqlrn/a*73 wr,cm 8gbyle?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun arek q, r+ /s(a65hh)x 5witxfhsy about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressupx40zv b;( k40 mfdeudre and a temperature of a;mvf 0d40 4uxzdkebp(bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of o vz4q ,8bekq8hxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen (pma +z ijq.6k($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg ofe 5 p8b-v7x0sduob f +yuxb*c2 nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium g t.gkeu wgx-10k2 bf/fas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg oonpje jw3) 5 n9flaxsx-.+xw 8i58haql;n ;ljf argon gas at 385 i.+lnsj ;pnl;w5)h8waxx onx3j -fqaj 5le98 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of 52 2i m4rwsckeq-hi8q $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside th dxj(6;tjqh pw/q *f9*x+iexke balloon, which makjhq k p*qxd9e w+j;ifx6t/ x(*es it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witi wlxm)r:*f(o58rjim6x t j:i h air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen al cvwr;*km iv 5aur(2nsv9++at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea le0d5x-ct)fn ybvel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule0fs 5zl9( bd/ujubz2 (f)iyy as / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many ml4x w3 aigze;4olecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number oxj davqr(l; y38w0m/rf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5. 9+7;gdgx;ahy g5gflz1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath yout w4.u9h .idzm.8.njq 9acfj l inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atcmlju h.9zft.a 9ijdw8n4 .q .mosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average 7 tr15yme f-jlv58sf cne.cl/ translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?nt7r-cvf lj58 emsf. 5 /ylec1    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the igc+p 2lb ;,b1l,donx Sun at a temperatured+g ; bp1,bixl, ocnl2 of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will td m39 n6rva*cghe rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 03g*a dnrv 96cm $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have theo uqn;dh xw(eurh)38/ following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms spen )hqruu8;(wh xo3e/d ed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas eglrz:ir,(edw ./e- zat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held cug9jn +(r z1joonstant, by what factor doesj oj u(+nr19zg $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mol/ i/4 k0 vju-uu/msj78yp gyhrecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tzn.yk wx. wj/om 9)jy0emperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to t jom. /wyn0zxkjw.)9yhe inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitro14axy ln1 vwtyk0b+vryua w8 *6wv02sgen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an z s c*ytyez+.+lm5yrlt1xt+ 0oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP?/gxf) m zr-ze t80v:hkxp4iz.    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 8g 2 yh9o7dp1qu9 u in a living cell at 37 9gu yo 71dhq2p$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P *l qkxrgsps05l ful83oh)lsp-i3o9.= $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, -) lopoml tn8 iw/cmq/*8fv6gbw 9g( n$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases f5)-bsmvgd x 9can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 .3l cy jr-o+)euy/hfp atm and the temperature is (a) 90yf.) j-pc+ro/yeu3hl $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tpqedw9b5a);.o bnxb 9 8yirm /emperature is 25 . 9e/br;pwb iqo9 aydnb5)8xm$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where w yydzzp 3q/oo w9n rt7b;-d*b.ater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a partips+vm;k9tcc) e+ hefcmlhn9m1dp,26 cular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water b9h m ccd+s v )ft19p ;mp+,6ehnemclk2oils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partomdp t)or- 3p.xn5 oj4ial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the re)tp3 o.o 5j4nro xmd-plative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempel0 ah z *kx;2swmg1e7hrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water +:eb; 5lq/2tsy7 y9pfwlbhnpis boiling p l byf :yptne/hqb2s +l;w597at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in agmu) o.htuf+.+ h 0 lepqa/xn0 room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d tztx2g5+b 8ktew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) yv)iuui9vy7i zu55 9b to diffuse a distan )5z9 iuv7b9uuyiv5y ice of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny t gd3 98at6hprexks++8l9o ws fubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long ando+e8 69rtglas8d9x f kwsh3p+ has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bei3 ,njbl h+w)een calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratizxbe2:ih,i;op)53iz5ka *y qo ktf 1ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated ggwr r03u1l uo61ork) (2: 8pvxnevfd at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80noruf rog2 uv1r e3d8p0wg1 x:k)l6v ($^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylin3):,sqlgjyt t*,lxfcqa ox+mx+ d *g. o s:ms)der is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of tg,o+xl )qots*c ):x3 t+:sj .*glxsya df,q mmhe original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air ma kc-;j:;nihmolecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and he: m;a-hn ikjc;ight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is adc rr-ejpe z. osv+kb)8b l8,/n:w7xvbout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using thewen13/ h a)o7b9 vrtp qxb2c0n best available vacuum techniques is abouh1cxnt r 9bvebn 0 7p3q/w2oa)t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills 0v3cp l5 ajkxnk cb;7;his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to w7nl xkjv;c; 0kb c35aphat volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moolv8nxqzr1j; 9 n enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high tempe z1rx8nvj q9l;rature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incree 2qugtv we6;.m, )honased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume 0o( y3x:ah-wcb lc xl.of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmo)kklc3rp4a 8:ct ro, yspheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the 4r:pk ,ktyc) oa38cr ltotal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained i;vf8m+3;u-lkhdo kdin a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressu5rz3nl 0 :sny3ffgt cj8 z xy4.pi8u;yre = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K Hlj53zx8 g yrf yin8pcn:uf s;yz.40t3ow long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mehtew 9*.c5tz m n1g*xh+ji; j-ptka1jrcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline aco+ibhu.:dyg)upz e8w6m0f +hqc 96pt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around fr pyoniiep4f8, p n. dho 4hzs2- o.4bw)-)ipthe Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jb1xzl)19lgx 0l-4ilxw 7-fqi+sw sbq ar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted qesa/ys3 u7 6xin the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 tdu yp-a/k a5sh )+w(oatm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fromx8i( qb/)zn- m,f ldlw64ed0ao se2 ww the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bal pjvdu:uj. fkr279di,ls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12md ivj7 29. d:rkujf,up/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spher)nn:do o 2pltn(v1y y0ical) bubble of air from a depth od nlyyo t10pn2:)vn( of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two dabdm: eqp.wi5 -t(f oty+xcd ;4 *r;dcoys: cd+(bm.-d;dywq ooei;4*5c :xfr tpt
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference id vsza+ 2x*v5sn the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth whed vaszvx+*25 sre the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at conrr+e:*xpi c0iv f,:restant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion isr0rfvcr:+ ei i,x p:*e equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to precl .r mtv(s8q2vent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept q2( l cs8vtrm.at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg