Which has more atoms: 1 kg o 0f+u ob-qxl;ii1,cmbz4h0 v xf iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or A1il0,bxv+ 4fmuz oq0h-xibc; ppendix B.

Name several properties of mater40g7+n,tjn88n tn nvns)tha dials that could be exploited to make a thermomete )sv+h gt40nntdnt7a n8jn8n,r.

Which is larger, 1 C a7tx7- xaqf5a$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syste3 6sqz9 cgmfq01uj 8tem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, acu e1f g3sq8 zmq9t0j6nd C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron0g zdjm t/oz+0. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will b+d/g 0j0zoz mte on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expanb42guhaf5 p g0sion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermosxgy69e)vf78 bu2jopb tat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this devg o)f 62jub8vexb9yp7ice controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the;.oduak+vyam(xw6)ga1 kx6 addni 28 shape of aad +6i)28xda ;k w(mdxyoa .g1nkv 6ua U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of,hxob7du2i-t-sdw t f.e: hm kbr)8z, lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometerqky/b5 ;htnm+2 /*;;andvho7 t *ytyvnzl/ e i is first placed in a hot tub of water, the merc*teivmlao hv 5;b ;qtk t2;+*//nyy 7nnyd hz/ury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapi;frx9 .-g(w q hdgg(grdly than adjacent parts.(gg r qr.9wgh dg(xf;- Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass4qmp2 td .3m:ti 2ajzk is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heam kitt3dzj.2 :p2 mqa4t resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate aw ct+r/1.8)iszhgc tqt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause x+5jp j6uh6 ucz 2uv1vits bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not standjpv ucjx+uvh6216 z u5 up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidl8 t2ysyz6kws.bfy5)z x 7h kp:y compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a7 hp6:)ystbz f.y ks8yw5zx2k piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase oe /im)c0p(fwq r decrease if the temperature is increased from 2(qfw mc e0p/)i0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lmqr5an u b84bizb0.6aaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperaab6m8nruabb5 4z i. q0ture.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows froma,c:3e zocm;g kinetic theory.

As you go higher in thy+d aqydg7i aqjmj sa3av31 7/l2*e* me Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimu ptq wqdzs0dl :ph-k+:.-sd+hm speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Ex0psh q+dw+:sk d -:pql.dh-tzplain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quivyh vxcv22yo 9- 4ulbbr3-ft;ckly than water at room temperature. What can you infer aofhyurvyb2 ;2-tbv4lx 9vc-3bout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable e+pao7hda/ ;a.cegv/than a hot dry day at the same temperature./e;vcp ad.ogah+ae/ 7

Is it possible to bojf7is 0h-pwz cz*h 0g5il water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temh5nd3pu i m0t(perature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.ph5i m0u(ntd3

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatph),+kj :8qfezn,ujckd r q 1,moy6i *ed automobile ,1,nmqz8 q +ry ho:i ckj,d)jefp6k* uengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in thel5am*ap 1xn)n winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are ther 6w v b-:im0kr(bio,yiqb 10uke in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in *pgx- 0l)hbdmiprd(; a silver pmlp-di0b d*(r)hxg;ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsil7xsoh1m z+n uqw/5i5( fw ns*us scale?lf*5 w1+qhs 5 i(n nsxuoz7/mw   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded a88 e;.xfak hfe/ wj0sqre 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, thtsioq,5 t21bn::zx1 z v.amdie alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0oi:5.mb2ivdnq xz1:1,ts zt a $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 ox7g n5jzsr7p r/ n*9nm long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wro.m v+l wucj9*2pse9waught iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (averag+jvwl . up mc*2asw99ee temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thags*l aw2xh(p4i;c5d0*inu 7k sqb4 ry t are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 204yi0w 5 d;sr*ung*ck b l4pai7xqsh2( $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at * 8trrywgk8:s4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be ita(rrzux)qj -bfq70 )o s change in volume if it is heated fo 7qa(r bxzu)j qf-)r0rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with qr(rzi uki1:) 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55y56) czk8ip+ulk m v;k.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed i:agqls e.t )5cn a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can e / lp 5)z 0w r4jwt5unlsdcna2m9iq;)gxpand in essentially one direction only, show that 429wdwq acgtlpil j 0;nsnu5 )m/5)rz the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densck xq+mry5k+: ity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coea +b);husmvtut*q d -gci,*j 8fficient of linear expan v bhu,c-+*gda;m8) is *tqujtsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropici/wdcqq4 gj2jb 5b fx: o/n1o7 solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made e o(ublzjgnafj,0;vbtx 7r:8)( b6vux0 zps. of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 (uxz;0tn(. urbx0f,b vzg joasv7)6bp8jl e : $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermo)xw*wb v ;qijbpqm)6e)n6b w; .; ktaxmeter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bu;w;e6)kb mv)qtpxx qn6*b.i)awbj w;lb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheelo/7q54ejn p nbr; 8bda of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless j7pbn4db a/8 5erqn;obearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How mmw7v7 t9rki 1r*xi3qhuch stress is required to keep it at this length if the qii vw7mt*79k r1 r3hxtemperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross--n6jezfb*ao8 sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 w*i v+jl8fa gxbi. 3,pcm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scalea*vi;nn+(g d c:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheie acrqam,96v +t scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earcmo*e +e6u1wrw,4w ooijw0h1 th and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion en) : 5bsms8of4auekne6gine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of aa)46b5o:nsumes kf8 ebout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen an:*qz dkyxxl, a0hat.p; ox)+t STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2,a8co d qb) uihwdu(,11.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contas a)8i1l6sato ins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gasti8jkl m2t9)5y)fll a is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container hosk oyv*f- ,w(blding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 y-*b vw ,fks(oK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of.4 b1jx 0lf:bc helq-e $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the bwo+,ws r4 dnht9(v an-alloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is w,9n(w+thna-od s r4v1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at z+5 t5o0pikt:yj pd8n(zr 4fv 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 ik v9 c n+ 417up:d6imhwmkq-o/leiy-$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon es ec /md 3kw84dwp0haj3capes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mo;u.66kujz,xbi /syf ulecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.0yr7r m8,,iy0 u,uhbg q00 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moloj7u/-pisumc ,o+ + c /dze3fses,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumej fhne0 2n/s7d 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eachj 3b t7v+a2 8bq( +;jb l8hycsrj+mwuh 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the laj bsm8b yqh+rblct au+ (j2v;j+387 whst breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxyj;kea+ks2wly*lv+l 9:nr+j xgen molecule at STP? lvx+an;lw: ryk*92 +jjekl +s   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed ofd21ioag 684yfx zi9pc helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about o8i2xp6ga ifcy4zd19 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incread piunhkq,ek ke b6 h-w,r05fd08(k *wse if the temperature is inch5hdukk e0wieq p*-,d 6kw,8f0kr(b n reased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6,b *m)v;lhe-jy 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. )vje*mbly -h;$v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a l4*5i)kyzi( (dj ibyrjgr6:x3ahs( ggas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled wr9ryrf/rd j: k8ny6jo7jg- 4khile its volume is held constant, by what factgrjynk jdr7j:ryf9k/6-4 or8 or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecu6w y*bydxuz8hi n+ 6,g+hyr/ ales in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio a zd(y9ntmq6 buj6)9jugm- ;qof their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of thudgjtmj(ny 9) 6z9bq;m-6auqe square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecdij wc )j/(vtxf.ya p/*oitwio :v-// ules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule gm1+-vns yvumk+k2kde: 3n(k 8jh 1ef at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules atnu mtsc/uj0fx v/d )yl0g3*;s STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular masscn8p)0hd ssl)s8pvn/ is 89 u in a li) n8)ds0shs/nlp8c pvving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wri6f 3asiy0zr8lhd, t:ltten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumad yntj 12c/e5b3b9mwd t.7sp, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressurel ,lq6* uy v-u a4jcg8,fw3uspy-mpx9, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is .henirmg.7sh,b5 xq + (a) 97i hhgs.xn 5+ qbe.m,r0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when therg,v2e mchefmz9 c1k2qp0, 3s temperature is rme 3q,20cm ke9ghf, 1s2vpcz 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wa tt ,-iuksv4v 1tn/c2xh k-5lcter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular plb7 lat7hmhe 1du;- m0face in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water bh7a m0-fdhm;17tul be oils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 53*kfc.z ;1buauzve 5yfqpb 3lx-v h8 110 Pa and the yzcx.u 8vf;pe * z1u11bqb- f3lvahk5relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial prn6)ncd /w qj-hessure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boili0ytmcs vyvy m 8:n.u)mp9az: /s5a:xfng at a temperature u/:p0 5sx:vny:cf.smvt)98 mzmayay of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in at/)t td p5s/on room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewxjwfjxw2dl :c:).zhd otaf9h * 23l2w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuh,t/(xfn6t v2+au-5)r hi d- v:2wiazxhjgilse a distance of h2uitvl n az6fa5)xt+hxi-vh-:2w/(jg, i dr 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior th1kzx ntqy:c )gt, c+/pqj*.rnrough tiny tubes called tracheae. tcnc)r1g/p .z+ :y*kqj, nxqt An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated apm svm6r8k5, kt 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibr :0ft3rbj;zwh,ba- uiuj zd45ated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room te;s +3bnkgx3c 8en6igrmperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling 3 r8ne3cg 6+g sxnkb;ifor 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atga)) 7- ldkj,k8gtzc im. After many balloons have been blown up, th g)akt-,j i lc7d)kg8ze gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width:+gtlh dqsonl 6ka/;:b1 pgc5 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature iso can: l5:d ht;b+qps6lg1/gk 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pb5m2ys gk 4(sler $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainab7 wjbusn o83ow5xp-5e le using the best available vacuum techniques is about o7jbp-w 8s e 5n5owx3u$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacityf15xwv rv*ph3ptyj, 7 of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if h *1 537vrpjxfwp v,hyte quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Eart/ovckm, kveq(-2 tg:j h’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (akt/ c2-mgv :,(vqkoejssume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ide lkve99b)gl c(al gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 4znv1moyk9/ n 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the w, ac /cq0: 2:v. vlptnvdbq5msurface of the Earth, estimate the to.b c : anmc/q2qt5v:l0pv,wv dtal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol 77em(ktzl* u:3jpn nkcp7wzv93 jhg.ecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder oy8gq8/tz7xruf)3pij) h;m cb f oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the floc8rp m83t xhu/;)qybf7 zg)jiw rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at2* nu1-h1gn jbrap4 l6 u43ccx;zncpv 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline 53ohl.eup)egat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band weretf,z.k 73wx9,gx5que gof w8f to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly opfwie-rav7e 6b3 rr qqi80z, :*m+ir jnto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted i a-x,v/ natxjrm600e r-ubu/y n the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20s.jpdan-t,jck54th -$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th2 j5+qego6ii7zd tvn *e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown verzexdsks(+7d en:bcr2 :dk +u:tica::ke+bdn(d e s7rk+d :cu z2xslly upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericagv2r4i/l / nhwl) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surfvwl /h42n ir/gace?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor0pthgrlg*mh:l;yoq5hxj6 )g * (o h,h pressure in the air on the following two days: h,gl( xpo *gh qo:mh)hr5tyg; *jh60l
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference i o drnrq,y(:r+n the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where t rr+(rodn :,qyhe temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law tu0-oz) xwzvg: f72ysro show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expans720 z swyu:grzv of)-xion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot anliz*u kk k8ua** cmf)l 186mlpk)xnr.d mildew. If the ceu)6cr1il.mxap lkk**8 unkf 8m*zkl) llar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg