Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alhn6bdd+:n1e yuminum? See the periodic table or Appendn y:bdnhe+6d1 ix B.

Name several properties of materials thfe1dva ,l8o 0pat could be exploited to make a thermomete,80dl epoaf1vr.

Which is larger, 1 Cv 55vlvegc 5b.7ci msc7 vg6:o $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wityjw8 ;d eax6 4)fwsmc(h system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A,)cwdef(8;sj46w a m yx B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip offqknm4h;qx6a** au0n. f- db f iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve?mf n ;u6-an.f qf*db0 ahqk4x* [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient oqj8* 0 s15armwdjy dc1t*pmgt-+2anye1 te )lf linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnaceo yn0mratbdm ,;t.* q p3)qh-a (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device contro-mht*. a3,q;or) y0 d bmptnqals the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed atl1dxri)d mid2z d 3kre(8.t* ig,th x6 the ends often have a section in the shape of )1imiz 6.ex ri3xdd2 l hgtdk8,(r* dta U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder o i w:ah6f5;(nlqmy svcuf7fu i3 k77/xf lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in05tvcp 2e l1ko-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bil 2vkpo et015ct and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rab-bgs v p2xc/4pidly than adjacent partb/g vx4b-2psc s. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gr a) :1p)agoj/ ute;xslass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat re so1e:apg x)uj/t); arsistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20,mxes6ox jn wkgkc :t2 dv10nav,0//e $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause fv-auj3p(f7.kah;b0m wan 0 gits bottom and top to bulge so badly the can wia;w j-kgam0 u0b3h 7(.vapff nll not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistons95jtta7t2t m ), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature us 5tta92tm t7jsing the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incread r+*t* 4(s+gx g)quof)wyne o2tjek 7se or decrease if the temperature is increased from 20 jskyo+g+r **w )(o f e4 teu2tgdx7nq)$^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’sb opled.10b.7cad 3 mv law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tempo730eambblvpc.1. dd erature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theorycx( (1 g9mlkqt.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratim t1rg* ekfq20j ;jo2wo of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object t0yay k+zq*u/must have to leave the Earth and nez+yy /0u* kaqtver return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temi tpcmve9ky 4iay*3 //f/r7i8h rv*vk perature. What can you infeeta7 */ 4ry//p*fc ivvymi 3kvhr89kir about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more w nu5((ln6 qvpuncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature. 6npvqw5l n(u(

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatureu,6j-m73y3w/r 3,qhij l kea a7rmtiz (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air uwkshynymn3jzc:5-( jqr; 44 temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Wh4 5nwcyjh-kj : 4 quns(3;myrzich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open:,hh;g9dbs ek z/(iwj the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engig9z: ,/i(eb jhh;dks wne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud cuoiv 20 bwz)5op/ tged8j8: uin the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4ux9j)p 60 q*97 nn07z6qs j.fbhg jw-dz eusdp-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms h3cp;hr( kd,g in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same md p(;r,k chgh3ass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thisb w+yi5h9 z.ok on the Celsius scale?9i h.5kbow+zy   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatur 0c)gzu kfg9k;es recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alfmm* s,j;d )aqcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.*;,fadj )msmq0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sl;uvs k0kv1s8a abs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is buili-k y9o ak(q 8 eqc0hfky2n7-it of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height cq-(7eak yckf28i iy-9 nqo0hkhanges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thaoe9)yuy 6iuf: n the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooly6 yu )o9uef:ied (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ar4ppqc p(6 k70t 4vzbkt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be itssx*/bxx86jg,hvw ru;-o (l gy change in volume if it is hea g(*xhx6lbj 8r,oxs yg; w/-uvted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 35c4l7zyc 4 s1 ru0re8th0.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 ix)je um.7idh,kz -j 1$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rinn ;lpela8wgv f 70v+:fg made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand i*h+l; 7u vkpymn essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear+lhuv p*y k;m7 expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change id mc5 48i+acnin the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w hnnnwmx28 94 vaq9vbh5 as coefficient of linear exnvq nv8h4959wnamx2b pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soli9wping:/h6 acy nzs+9d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clot9+e 6ytq((ztyrr;d tck is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 16tdt zy(y;r eqtt9r(+7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer ha*m0nwkj lz,,aj q; js0s an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has lak n0*,,jw0zj;jm sq a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 090j l( )e bylgp7sq3( a/bcjqc.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wi7s)( cjlyba gl(eq 3q09bjcp/th angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is req- vi)vve emu5n2m72 ituired to keep i i-)m5 vvun27e2vet imt at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of;a 3 yhj1zw:3jekuzo* cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 h k+:j.e7f )uz eg )9zmperef1cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: n5umgbs,pf gs2c *;m (
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempe070zgemr v5db 7eltw3rature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interibx z5wd6q su*ebt2git o) ,8;mor of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air atav(9l0k4yitcy eucr- u+*n z- 7o bkv6 atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abour 76-vvl+u c it-uz b(k4nyk9c yeoa*0t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen nz )n ifjb,az9o682/ wy*nevgat STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containp v(g dfx2/+8zlejnymg+8if - s 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STie.;iait/(zsl/mz s /P contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gaee,+ g 86eenjjx )eh7zk1j c*us is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas a 5rq-v1uohmio.xilp( b+f (w;t 385 K?ri(-.hbf p uv(oow15 qx;ml +i   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofbqr is5p2.:w 3gwh1 kj $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the ju)a 571ul+ookwyflu0c1 odp-d 4lh j, 54bkbair inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume50lcjoubowl 4k57 b1ld) -1 ,p 4y uhafj+kduo of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with amxb mn tgz-3s8l0x8c ,ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen u0 +qb oaa4n7jat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0fysh,zwystu1om *l/1 f1 1h6m $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules yt 0pxyqs7q l49 o) kr)jrwh91/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How manyqkd2pf7y j:*yr-pdd rwp :73d molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (if6k6 e9cxak.a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.4ia-ri8 a 7w(msd3l pk1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you in2q/cxeqa, z:va cf47 chale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of consa2,/4 cf :qvqz7cca xetant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ene)m2 rrl2bdp14vk(v rp/ qv*pn*m, bxvrgy of an oxygen molecule at ST qv)rr*v1 *p4/d(mr2v kpbx2lnbpmv,P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface 1i5hvdnmjq ,p6h5l 9nof the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 59hnj5l1h n,vdq mi6p K.    m/s

  By what factor will /8b+5qc:6m9a brdc rvd -poie the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is ib:+-pvdcbd9cor m ar 5/ 68qeincreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6j0n5 l1 hf;w0d uayl:w, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and0 y :0luh 15dwfa;jlwn 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculxivcj c6jrz;r0 2-l;addy7 j .es in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whil88amy2m-t kz30mnt+ k.qhey ee its volume is held constant, by what fa-me.8 tk mk2qyme8t n0+y azh3ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed :5 j+ ft1kpfacl .0 ja0j3u l1ao :4ppjm(nesiof molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperad/ ,lw)gl)udl ture, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square ))duwdl ll/,g roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8*y p( 0a-agiiq v1zht1.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an o +guyednv2.;uxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STuxaj n r 9cr;;g+e0u/tP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular m4y (m31ocia-dmm lsx+ass is 89 u in a living cell loamd -si1m mx(c 3+4yat 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressuc+5 x2 bzr zgjwru)k)i.mrn 3uy,j6 4sre P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, ;t 0 jb-zp+p.g6u n,uvsmuzdzp k:n+ ,$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, isr0lfa w7.l)a4b p0xsn what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the press*rpy4m .4.x;jicep z 56mu ddaure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 5adeji .4*.dp zurpc;ymx4m690 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidih s+bhhzevl0udp6m kub5/la5l*/ 9t )ty is 50% on a day when the temperatdhhh sp9l5)+le z lk */btvbm/5auu 06ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils a2 ucf;(hbqxft zhm- -;t 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimatxa.6 re0 od.-5zobvs-ai 9cy le the a95vab-ir y6 e 0.o-dlocxsz.temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wateen4w(ddfkj(7ut7g 6f r is 530 Pa and the relative humidit(kju ( f7n7 d6wted4fgy is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of waterwo;+ a eck4 x)podz3x3 8wue8d on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inssid r p25 3zu;vo52adride a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at o2ard;5 5u3 z2 vdspria temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rgl0 z*w1b ot clm9//mxoom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point9 h.y.ptct3dvx aky23 of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffu/u oml/2tbd zuy)dnjcp3 7d*;se a distance of 15 3utb//*yn7 ;)pdlj dzcmd2o u$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the sukesdn3rehii, 0,+hl7 rface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm +s0i h,i erhk,de3ln7long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mn(n2,8;w2gjthuwbg t easure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has be;z 3be7hjw;hyg wpk,9( 5 uabmen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wad*p z9te)h cg2 d2. (tm eig+2gwxg*qhs calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a .tgi2t*qmgdc+dg w9xe ze 2phh(2)g*recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas p -c km72az)thcylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 a mzh)k2a cp-t7tm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecubt6t 83 i-,kyzfk t8vlles in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tl6v3btti,tyzk k88 -femperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dk3xbbel)jahf(7+ lzj: m ah 35ensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abq6vlf5sn h; dg2g;q5qout;2fqgq 6nhlv ds55 g;q $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the sn 65fdfx 2uklc-dugob z9w:)c57nnk(jzm o :7urface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this adv -u6kfd: 5kcbun zn:5dg jo 9ocw)zf7n(7m 2lxisable?    L

  A space vehicle returningp* z6qgaa/9s a from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this hzg9p*aaqa s6/ igh temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an1jtxs9h 7;( .ims53sct ss sqs ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7717-jog4: uyt axnghsx,ps- u:0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the hapsdis 6/-z .pz*,o ksurface of the Earth, estimate the total number opz- .azdki/hso , sp6*f air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conta.pmmef8 3l8 hiined in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gau qea f66cq/u.xf9iir ,ge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cy ,9af.6q6iiu xfc/rq elinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowjnpp70i 9h nq1bo 7zg7zwa79ozw 79+xal0puo l of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline aqrio. +a9pj fd9tx+0 vt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the z7pkd2u 0+(+rf sgtq*,cr bdtEarth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onar wdz 5iw41 vvo7,6sa7pcdf2 f2+6ybnc9qynto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 4j f7uv(h4+q pf/ b,tg 7bdoaj18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fullyy y7y3oc z,fn7a 9wi5j charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the4r 4k l9ty-bvx Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tenni3 0g7-wjce qzis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.0gi3 ec7-jwz0q 60 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diametobkr-m -zp-9 lv7jw * mmuf0ls+8 kp)ler (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a pev)owbj*l7lflu- +zp -kmk0 p-mm8 r9srfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: 43wcx3c2/vs jsjkt*1 mj vx,vd1nq z* /1d 1vv32jctxq,*c4v3zkw s j sxnjm*
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densiaky0p0z1jqrw/i/ 3n kty of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Eakk0ri//3zyqaw1 0 np jrth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constantxvqy(,,d5m mvn pc o;(z +r0maqvy6*l pressure, the coe yvm(c6+*m;dx rymq,5 (noz,0p aqvlvfficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantz ym+1 j,:satgly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If thetm: +,szgjy1a cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg