Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron o3 m:jh62stzhqa4yr nxs s+yl/o 9+q8u 2;p jpor 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix+t uhs6xhn38yqj 94spay+lr 2j;mzo 2 q/:pos B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermkvf :qg1o7mit -mb22nometer.1bo 2:mim7q2f gvn-k t

Which is larger, 1 C *d2wc;ta4no+ xd f;hs$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but Bn5 ;icm.j;xhw is not in thermal equilibrium w n;.i5jh;xc mwith system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip oxwi - o6mfj;t7f iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outs6xji mwt; 7of-ide of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expanh9 q oesu :p3ax:qz0e66a3iq asion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermosta)ox)2q/irgp1a 3h gry t used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric opiry)x2gqa 3 )h/1grswitch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that8-at.(zr/goupah ye 9 are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U./ ezou.ta-(rha8yg p9 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mernaf-w.uc nkl+ bp;. :ecury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass .nbr(b y 6z4v+ eznvpr3tc)u(thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. E6u)vyzn zbb+v n3 t(4 erp(.rcxplain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more ra1. e7 o,fdihucpidly than adjacent paro71ed uc.fh ,its. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficiey q6l4w(pmc 3rnt of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this(y l4pc3q r6mw gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20obe2b(zxh3q)qg3 j 8x $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the +sk 575upbmsq1 sv 0swcan will not stanpsmus07k v5ss w+5q1bd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed dv*a e 5t9esnj 6+* o72kwimzt(say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes ie7t+j5sevd6 k ma2o9*z wn it*n temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submetyklb8u8 4:xp rged in water increase or decrease if the tpltb8k ux84y: emperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charlesh+zhl0+n(hziy f/) jz ’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolh +f z)h/ zh+n0z(ljyiute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’sdomoe7p+f6 .r law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratiot d.m 3 jfxcc7ia3: jq/0o,fma of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum syq/xkm b: zw +ftt(ehero 5ymu6/ 1(f2peed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity ff(/5 m2e 16 /b:eztuyfomq+( hrywxt kor the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more q:yl4l8a(ax j/5 ml gcjuickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propel:g/ am(58 jayllxjc4rties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry dahq5/1se8nu/k9l nws o y at the same tems8 eouw lq/nnk/5h1s9perature.

Is it possible to bowp4,urkj( il+ il water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperux5z* n6 sjzr-ature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the d*j 6xnzu z-r5sry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open thek9pz gf-n+ v)kwo3byha e:sig1k t53* radiator cap of an overheated automobile5e93)z-b3gksw* i tkavpn fg:1 +koyh engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)gur7 f se(+:q n:z:)lyyu7- (bjqaikg?

  How many atoms are t,:y r:f +labedhere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring c m0f/6nif-nmhompare to the number in a silver ring of the samff mmni/-06 nhe mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsiul .-cgiha vx/jr6v /)as scale?v /gx ahjic )r6v-a.l/   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures reco/84oaq7hmz :r5pgczp g x( tg2rded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomete *)1wdrsnasm;mv(c/n+u n ;bgr, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.01/ wnmnc;sn;br sg(vad+ ) *mu $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 ysk4km vmb s58 2z)c2p$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300,i g 3bxhtp)p4 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average tgxt,hi 3b )p4pemperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the +n9 m5a/8 hzx v9(wcojxfhz5- q8zt ;bkunps. rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.8knmb ;-f9a. / z5vn 5pxxuj+w9htsz8qz o8c(h69 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at racn; ), xy/(srhd dmui5x.y.4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its ;q:9kvogg uh0change in volume if it is h0kh og vgu;9:qeated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mv6ak)- hshea4r ph3*a L of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water ab6tr1 njc qlhw/5b :(rt 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a0i) (ctgk3;x v0+i7h*(uwc ykpqm mg k ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containedqr4ry q* b29oc1rm z,p in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear m2r c qrr, qp*o91yzb4expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitt)60y hnvty 7oy $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length lr**s)ygx; +p khap(yh and width w has coefficient of linear expansion *apkyhgy;) r p(* sx+h$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic s+fvvitrlt e 8kt-a)*s /- pna7olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfx g-swy s 1aa w(ib*65zi.mi7op:1t lrather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17p5( rwibi 1m .gas*76zyt-iols w:xa1 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diamete2)i)tqi- ry mwt(og ,zr of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumeimw zo)-)2i(t rqgt, y of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wbd lypw+ 7r )1o8pnnb2jh2+bbheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bed78nbb 2 )bn1yrpp+lo2h j+w barings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is ibn8lc:v*3tg 4 wx)lsrequired to keep it a4n:wb vicsl )xgt*83 lt this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.3 0zcpcdp yqo1s7-*f.yoxef )041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter hdh8 - bu47e5ph0w xig134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperature1jv.46tgroe kyz iy)4ry5e 8jrf(m b 8s on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheiz.p6 nyv6-xgxt scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior oub 0 o)fa3jk ic51ddryk9.*ws9b9 fmgf the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at a: 5na bu/)p1tx q4;j2ztv smertmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2 1zatjxe)ur/;bptq2s vn5:4m0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal g:bw) ec40g i m*zhrug6as law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containwk to/mmq7 bz4y*.h) ws 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrhv bfh(3 ;kxfq.;l*f jogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium(t-fyen ug25l9zapz. w4a z w* gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inw/e gzss+8vgk j 2+l:nside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 sg jnwl +8sv :k+2/gezK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg k.7oz8g joe.gof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant liftv. kw.b wiyv*: by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside.k* viyw:..wb v Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai9xj hv duf/3/kw i(8kfr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at f,u(7olzp 6k qkr:(ld 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chi2eq( en (vwbz1x- :/5iih saknld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /r wp9zi-xk6tz;np (-ky/v*nc $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water aazxo22gv-5vi) n l3 bsx1k2sore there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ob y4q qt8qe gh*ce4-u)f (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 58 vf)5f4j*rmzp c,cnu xp3qn, .1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thathscb,vdf82 h* were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: As2 *df8vhbch, ssume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational ki hxc3d8;naw-,jbmj j 5eh s0f7netic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?jwahnbs h;7 -,0fmd8cje j35x    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a oi zm kpr*2c/0n2g .jzh:mp u3tempera2zg* / z.um30 ph2ojr k:cmnpiture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the h+te4 uqbf3 gbl61xars /wb);rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0+6/ ;e4 )hbb lubasxgtqwf13r $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, y l2ng 9n5b6) y8hia nxnosso:6c: j2z4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, ay26nx6 zol8ss:ijngnb:c 29y 5ahn)o nd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0 . rbc b yv5b:5mtk.xu iyax4h0k 3 xsyn.mz/.+$^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constantb(bfipf*fj t 48 ((tho, by what factorjhobf4p(ft t*b i8f(( does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mol,) 61tgxlazgtecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at h 46bj n+7k(bf x;ttv kkx*ry9the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of9*bkb(k4r vtx kj;ht7x 6f+ny their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containdu4+jkjerhjw*r f 6r+ v )f1i5ed in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 sr, 2 marmw+-u py1zz)$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance 80vjb1: a kv wbq38cj tj,yl:qxj/ci6between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed khg/5, njw5htb n5fc +z/uex:of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livij gfzu5hx/5+ebn5,/ hwkc t :nng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be w c8. v+h;qv7hb rwj,x-qj-hjj g l(aj5ritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urana,0gc 8 jq c(v2.niuv3 4xwqdx38 ypqaium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases canh4kbb:y 8wrh-np c929, buoex $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressujiy(my a/ +k-hre is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 ajiyy+ (km -/h$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximatezj (t s2wn;8c plqd1v3ly) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temp3jsz l1tn( cd;q v82wperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressur+nm/yeq.hf mo i9.6vxe at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mlysarrn7 .dqfbly -qt7f i70z :.z;(tountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which watzr l ;ia. 7-.7qt(nqslfrf0zby: t7yder boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whevi ,qgv7ali8s(p 3fw-n the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%?-f li i3,7p w8svqg(av $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the t.+cot3me)n(omacaar p; b: w;emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insid. og0pxh2fsxyh99 l2je a pressure cooker if the water is boilin .slogh9202xjx 9p fyhg at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ozu*w-uk2a8vylpgym 9q-it 8* f volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point o46pxl8h ajib 7f 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a1.0l o4jh b(amw-zp ix distance1 lhp-0zw4(.xai b jmo of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tu:reu6gdslj ,7bwfk6k) (4 mhcxzu- s yl415m dbes called tracheay1(,bs4zxkmu j)wfhmde6k5-6s4rc7gll u:de. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure ha+- ; 38tb( ysmqrgsqdf1icsc7s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tapeup-j -i5h tor* measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup 2lt u; xb *ulz;hl-py)was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot,-ubx lyl)z;*;2hpult at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cor /pk )l;2ud5 0gyajzylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressur y0l5/dza koj2u)gpr;e has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lenghy)lv/7+e3cnhk.5.oson umyi ggg2 6 th 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and /5chyygvsuokhg 7m. 26o.+nni e l g)3height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one apy1xv9 u3x4q,e+c kyjtom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avad *u. xvs) 7vh av(j;jqx2)dn+v mv0svilable vacuum techniques is abo);+7(0v)*h 2x.vvadsnjvvum xv jq dsut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m bln2s x:)ye+uhcw x)i *cu 9fu1elow the surface, to what volume would his lungs expanxsf1c+*) uuyu)en9 wihc:2x ld if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed oz0 )hvnq(lre2d1x o5sk;hh *l f about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because o5hq1ol rz02;khd(vsx)*ln he f this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fromfqoto ( 7 fumu*;-aqs1 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume kmo*f gu i,v6fy- (3pjof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of,t;vv:+e3uymuy3ho;r + oe ue atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air mye+uo;eorvuhev m33ut+; :, yolecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containedqmmk ket+(6: x (gxdf+ou+dw 0 in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 :0u kz( frdo/zpsi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmofk0rzz /udo (:spheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid 9l*)iv2dx,pqnh ;nmjmercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinyqu wa(hz:t 3mz9zk/ 9ksho)g(h -)fup0m7 kze at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s ) 6;w/q6cn92njshqhbb( ewsu v5;rue equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2b+ao6o +5g8 v+hnh cmw0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in3ax*+ a oe6rv696prd1hui hy z the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, h.( ,fff )feeqdas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eacrv(bg1 it4canht0*2 rth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls t-i iz 7jwaqwojkixd: 407khzv xm0 *40hrown vertically upward at70 ia w vk7o q*40i0hjdj:xw -xkz4izm it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air frd 15ogv 5xnvhg;-yrm/om a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when nd1 y v5;gmh5v o/r-xgit reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the ex(p)z2wvfpe -mduzra. lq1a) ,4/ ayair on the following two days: 2,4 e uaa x/1-ldf peqzmrw)) (zap.yv
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densit61zf* v;l vxpzy of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 1;zl xf*zv6vp 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant presh msb92ytm;x; vd;rs (sure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal 9m ;;v;d(x tyhrbs2sm to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their z.7n;mek. pgv r4qw:z cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept a z4ge7k:q;. .m zpvrnwt 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg