Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alum/;m 2n*qjkrf3aj6m o linum? See the periodic table or Apoakj2* qr nmfj/ m6;l3pendix B.

Name several properties of materials nw4 jqji2i8uce -.z)sthat could be exploited to make a thermomet-2)q ecu sij8n4. zjiwer.

Which is larger, 1 C .s :*md/xszs q$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with systema e:/va3y l-d9z0h o z:tnfz(3ssaex/ B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tempers 3/s3va9n/ al yza f-:eehot(xz0d :zatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip cd7,ga m 22rvmb +v;z-qw jx5zaonsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be jdxrv57- qvbz;a gm2w+,m2 az on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineaw25qblcw:sbl+g etqy2bs l24f*z 2 c1r expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram ofyxk aeiy1o9x) g-lu4, a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other oye,1 xg -y94 lu)aikxheating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often haviyf1i1fnh;3nu0t meg ;s 3i1n e a section in the shape of0 1miiu;i3;g1nnt n f1eysh3f a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylindeaus - 9v. war*m+ m(ex/jaj27up6hozu3 byb;yr of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thery/jby7.sb faqncr 7nv ;oo824 m0i )cbmometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit andq 24f8iom77 anr)bb 0;v noj.ycy/s bc then rises. Explain.

A glass container may brea3uxjd5s7p1lva :4 bldbkwo1: k if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explai xb5:w1vp1s7b adk43lj :oduln.

The principal virtue ys0j 9r.+m 5+zwryz:b vvy/0t- mmqmw of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why tvys jwtw +zr+00m:9mr5.mv/zybm- qyhis gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20f1qr wppq8s3drx.z/;p -q 8j c $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause it99zd k*vyml u27,n fijs bottom and top to bulge so badly the can willikum2z9ljn y9 vdf*7, not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tesubi* -v,u gh1mperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentumsu*hi,b-vug 1 of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere 3k5rntz hwi,e6:r3+crm bb8xt4xtb4submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperat5ixm e3kbbw4r8+ 34cn zx:tht,trb 6rure is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fy./ vkwe:0 j hpl9zxh6rom kinetic theory and the relation between avery0/hhz: .x6l kej9v pwage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussacw;/hyvbwmw tnhrky+( uq/,0s/bf; 7o ’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospbncpc-*r2z(6mc s 8gw here, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refe()rehqc c xnl)gl ;a:9:q:vj wrs to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Ea: re)lqwaj cc:( l: hxq;)v9ngrth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more y- 7akpxats:0quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the mxtk aps7y0 -:aolecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more unclaxppy k(24 +;fgzte92 u3bobomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature ok tu2al(3f9b+ xz2p gyb;e4p.

Is it possible to boil 24a92 6wgpy xkd odi:c5y l2 y4,xqhnuwater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is1 gb d 0k)oglzij::4r4gravp1x.uc ;q the same but the humidity is different.1db: proq0lg uvg:; grcak4i 1.x)4j z Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is danger/t fy.q1 8)njyfu/- y vmjw1c-zc 0sxhous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile envy)hfw1/ycymjzs-8 -/u0cnj. qt 1f xgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a littl ,l maws ((8gwk-p- q-hr4jd7x dc,ldxe white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pen+vdw 1; jxyf4:rck6znny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring cy 5stg52f3xf6xljv:ip nn -l 7ompare to the number in a silver ring of the6 f-s5t3v2lgilynxnjx f: 7p5 same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whag0odwfgw g,. ,j:50mesf+8jsb1 s jrct is this on the Celsius scale?f,8o,1c e+w g. ss:5jjbs0rd mgg0jfw   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 s b.y sk8u9m7x$^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol5x.a h:+jj 6fv;ucs(iwodpo q i349i ngem36w column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 s(;46hv wompia ijg3 i6 njeo:fu c+xd359w.q$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 5o te*a )xqghxc a+4f+ouw* x6$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tal 9eppx4wp+qz3cj p2(b l. Estimate how much its height changes betweep9jxze3+pqpcpw4 (2 bn July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet8 + e/kznzywq- hole are often used and the rivet is cnz/zwy8 - q+keooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water afoehm8d ,j-b0t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameterb:bnji, 1 ag(i. What will be its change in volume if it is hea ba1: gji,ib(nted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is iv6a(:xewc 5zfilled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5,4ubskk-*wry: *)fpgxw+j y2qzfn e 95.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed*e;8qk1vtzqmif 4hk( in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiallw2luv+l5z r1nb f;(yc y one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal tlfvc (bu5lw21;znyr + o the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densd fp0,at pmg78i;dl f0emdx044 fly6 jity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has*qc ;vfv2 bys(3 vd64n5agzwk coefficient of linear expaav vk2 vs64zgqf(d y5c*;3n wbnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an iso3xq1dtl/v 6mctropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time puof ov+i2*4cv)z ja)at 1)a)*vfoz u4v 2co+ijp 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.14ke1z.9zybx(w ya) y7e1(uhn a 0 mm. The bulb has a ywz.9a yy7zu)x1(aeebnk1(h volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatink .c,0cue u9ezk4at )gg about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocz c9u ak0.) ege,utck4ity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lengthph./ fs:d cw0.c r ydeh--tt-+b2lud f when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the bd/ltewycdsu-p hrf.c t: d+ -hf.2- 0temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beav b5 wcsw -j0xs..bug8m of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.)tp+bxv4 (*mh drgk) a122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scaxy .bg7b(ez1s nytj9/ 9( nf( j4ujgrwle:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scaa i ;4tn c4) lu ,jmvjt4zk1n6xqi5bp:le?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inelb s7ca3adxrsw;(21 terior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a t 7 zux .,o p-no5amb1kw1jcs(6x9dgfuemperature f a7x9(og.buswd 1 -z j1o nckmpux,56of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gau95iwbzs1pssxu8 i1 9s law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.r(y:*8ug/sa z 9 mrtwf;n( qpl6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP con+6)vy3oyo8j lhtm8xt8y by6 p tains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0,a l(ni wpx5 c+y:jch,$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contaiqsaq, 4 ,.ka rtigxf58ner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K 5f,4a8rqag,qits k.x ?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ogt ber4o,g4n mie0)zh);n3b4 wip 1csf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achio1idxrh8 t- y1eves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less densxhidr8- 1 1oyte than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withip4rv4o7q e 9l-r7crr air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at ki1+hiv7kc bqz w7c88 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escamq9 al e3l6wx3m9u1zhtm / 8zwpes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m6i at tsk 3c:5vd-n4nsv:wc ;wi-dx5holecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How manyht,8: s8.iy3u jojb lev6sa.k molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) tr rybl.:4 z0mmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumeog4c+k2 h9)w2pe w w6wh hel.j 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mol9ulf7z whh *-secules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in thf- hw zl79*uhse last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energyo73oq la,5 5dbzw8ia h of an oxygen molecule at STP?d,l 3aoa5 8hbo5wiz7q    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms neah ahe i2z* uge-d3r3b 71l)qffr the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6u7lf3gzfeh )qai2- 3r d*1heb000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of g8q2vb 4/ tbb z,kxyil58t4 ofxas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from ,oibl5428ft/ v kby4x b8zq tx0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s:bq3y 9q/5miw:t2-9vqtyhoyf 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, y mqhq 9v t-2b/fy 39o:5ywqit3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atbbbr4/0lfjl3bxu g4 1 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held cov3vgawsm,zy a hn,a 4k/ 04kej)f4s+ enstant, by what factor dovam4 n4jevz ,w/0k ,a) +yk3fgesh4sa es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speeb27*97vp iy tzpc 1zkqd of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature1mxiagw5z )j a;kp 0ilb:79zx, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square ro:i9axam wk zj07)xp;zbl g1i5ots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.naohs(yav1o2dm54( xg4 w lb-5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at vv,o1u) 0p 3wsqqg* pr0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculese.5wd-2 nfcet at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid w3/5vvtkq 4e 3;s.4.yxtm - qxblm egyqhose molecular mass is 89 u in a living c5yv4 myq;x. .33btgkeve-/ql 4 smqxt ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =/nd,0zrtb1 geq+t3w l $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, 5ow w 8kbu:7wp$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prfm-ep2 prt (2lessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure ise( djcw.( 4-:2 dipxqhr oxf9r 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) ( jqo r rh-xpicx.edf:2w9d4(90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if th88 w9/6wukq1 yal ys eji(pq+ue humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2 +j 9/y8 6(iaewu8ks1lpwquyq5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wadz( jzxvxwgzv b8gft;.1t7/8 ter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a2m8(lp0 8 x c1+qt ipsp zbkk4sc2nhv4 particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempsp4812k8ixlmzp(cbctv 40h kns p+q2 erature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watero vblkf dx7c25x 6aq-; is 530 Pa and the relative humidity fbc; ka76 qo2xv- dx5lis 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wateuiz ei9 :3*jqrr7)h yja.-k fgr 0:igpr on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker ife nb3(ju rh/:p the water is boiling at a temperature of 120(en bjp/r3:uh $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volu 5lb ji ;dcjo/(hdxi;1me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewvu k zk:y0-tb bwtti1fd*sl:i;bt3.8 point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffub r,x+kl 6l+uose a dista6+ ,kuol xbl+rnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of iahntexx8)9zwh 0a0ja-qi3covm48i wly .)(unsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area ofotiq8zy8 4jan3(hw .09x0i cav-eaw)l h) umx $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has b+ehwocaq) rwb6 w8 nx65s*0oaeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been caljq v 0ol,g:i(j6x vt zw)4fj.iibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated atj9 /73mg -cmcd 3xd*:cqfmib r,yl.ok normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL o./xbyi: m3m* kfq c 39-mcdgl,cj7ordf cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 2biz 4cu,+gd24e+ ljvhzj x 2y.8 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decr4z +ejlb 2hj.iux+24zgyc,vd eased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lfj5l 0 7gghyd5m3z/j:up bp4wength 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and hj0 gpg4hy5u zwp3j5 /l: bfm7deight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mat s1+f)h3 xwlhmter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable qp; yd21slsl-using the best available vacuum techniques is about 1q-2 lys;dpsl$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below tm ejy)z, k88frhe surface, to what)zeykr m8 f,8j volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere aqe:zk ty6m/8en 1x/up t a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a6m ee81xz/ :t q/knuyp bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incr(x x3ph/uk qt *et4g8 aujzr*,eased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofplm .dt j)+y/u4b: pbun.r07la- ra*co meym 4 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value om1sy y-wvqo+ vs;)8n5ky:x pkyjl 8 6of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.ms);k skyyxw-8oyoqv168 pjv5ln+ y :    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecule e*yj6om heln:/2r u46uvg.ums contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has :):et 1wjcwni ir8c*ggauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T tgr18c)w:ej:wn*c i i = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid meha+b+i qi/ ) qndf1(percury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atjllmx*b3oj97w0w*(z uy. mlu 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earvf cums o4wb4k/c)a usi-8)9r th’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontww8a 9hy9a;-6 i kyztto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, a0 0shh6k( cbxbdopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at7f5/bft7fulk qx s5l3 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed froml0pf w9. +.ahq iu0gwi the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gr0ye -g/c;kv7hq l f9(( qqd6qywfxpn .(u2rqravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they havegf(9 eqr2(/n;q6 h pvq wdcu (x-ql0yqyrf7k. a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical ;k4ajlhc5bqs f-asf5:/ajz 7 ) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when l fzjaca47q 5ska/f5 b- s:j;hit reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followrox1e98,*qye xbag 5t ing two days: eqx1, 89t*5 xobe ygra
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dl(3o6x: yz;ui;wq l)l am*hevensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature isq w;aivye*3z; ul o)l lmh:x(6 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show tka4yi0 7h oax0qbm2t0ged/o,2qg7g that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expath07q02m qatd7/o y02b,gx ag 4ekgoinsion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, p))vqc *to)a5 sp xdjw2eople constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If thejqwp)5s a c*2tvx)od) cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg