Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tad7 qs)xw/e. jws0av;k ble or 0;7 awv)wssqd.jx/ ek Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be expltri nn y.,bb.l( b0+raoited to make a thermometetbyrirl ,nna.0 ( +.bbr.

Which is larger, 1 Cj*a (bmmv3psl7d 3 nu+ $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in th+aq) g3* dj:myq c8z7kqni/rmermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, *q ac)7 gy+d 8mirqkjmqnz:/3 B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum 4mi7st 0t:d vlje(o*sriveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of itl4e sd(s m:*t70vojthe curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient owoo ir kb16*:bf linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram lp3z+t3 f.gs fshc ebq (x9)5fof a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strixff3qsf gpc)ebt53z.9+s(lh p consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often hb:j /i6dz z)lr-5jcmyave a section in the shape of a U.56 m)rildc bz yjzj/:- Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lex6wu,9 o7ea 3yh ayr8sad floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-inojiaqd:9 ;vy4bu/p9f:hoq)qb g50b m -glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the p:b9dh0qa 5u)j :9fo o/4bbgq;qvyimmercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part .g qmt 35vn/uoof it is heated or cooled more rapidly than tu3 q.o nvg/5madjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expg+ 6 xycoba cpz2j fex8,wb612ansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the i+b p a1b26fxo82c6exzw, yjgc ncreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cl t( q-u9hrxt5uock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so z6x.c b)jzip76am-1maw w3 ac badly the can will not stand up)b36ww .-zamp ix1amcja6cz7 . What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its teq l.3:be-8vghl9hip,i d-z hyb 2u ,lemperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in: i-g q2-luezbyvhdpl3eh,.9,h 8l ib temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or de:nd viqux 5 +uat237;gl2nscmcrease if tuc vgd2xn5 +ast;7m:q li2n u3he temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the ,fj0/az15bvoo0a ve nzl 6;wb2 2qnuwrelation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tembvnw2f,j/aa ven0bz 2woq6; ou1z5l0perature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lu x;d+swklk+ rgk nst k,.v99hy qq-r70ssac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere)kyvz f060w kb, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objecth(gtkggy) ;h 6 -aykdmy i9)c1 must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practt-;gm da)kyg(gy 1hi 6cky)9hically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperaze46vnxm capneo*;cz g1+14c ture. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relativeoeazz1vm6n4 gc*+cex 1 c p;n4 to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more unco3xb*ns8upyw yai /0) emfortable than a hot dry day at the same temp n0y/xyb)*w8uips3 ae erature.

Is it possible to boil waolb kyk+u9m:/2t 7j zdter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is mr1 riwh 5q/)nptwe9 9st/kq- different.n15trwm) q s/ pi9wrqk /h9-et Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of anfev/wgpr, s n( xuh701dqzn 27 overheated automobile vrh0 1p /wudqxf enzg,n2 (s77engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a littlhwfwh,;td5k fs*dc, / e white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are th1 ,liqv7x5an iere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compareujeyq3x)prxg 3 p+, p7gx 1mt4 to the number in a silver ring of the sa3 4qtp umx+73pgy j,pgrxx) 1eme mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is oftenit- k:g zm0p(ousiz;y2eot 8; taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? 0;opoztuitki-y;s(e 8m :2zg    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest te.eu .logb)9rl mperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colovui wy)+ v0-h mqk5n+umn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 0om-uw yq +inhk vv)+5$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sla--kr/cx )hh cwbs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) i(:4: xjlskm/qfwflwl ch 54 0)wrynb:s built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between Julywn4)wf h: x:ylc(w4lb rm q /0kjfs:l5 (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets tha39 mr,vj5c ;ihwqdv onrq* p/ngxdj1(f 6x-d 6t are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A 3vn ndxoq*rvc 5/1im9wg,x6- dpf;rj qjd6(h steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4(4ad glj6buyscg*d )w.: b2b-n2jko m $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What q jb/g tu(asls:p3fn )p,48vawill be its change in volume if it is heated a,8q(: 34lvjf/pntsspb g u)afrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tow6y(zu(sy9mqnx 9 mb ny 0nv)otko 5l* z52wy9 the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL28p z25nv iij(cwe fh2z3rn 5o of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made ofbih/ /i c :vek7eez,l, iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a 0i6ua0alk;1do4m n gh long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, sho0honil m4 uda0 ga6k1;w that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in t djcv+5,q+1yu gh swh5he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l andvy3slt/ kz+f;;(28wn gx qvtq width w has coefficient of linear exp;2/zv( +kqygx;vf qntlw 8ts3ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,1* pi*nuenp 7o $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at.ep(so +0fdvf 10pdve+(f.fs o7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter oft,:4nh)plq ,avj )feu k-at3x 0.140 mm. The bulb ha,, 3a)tqlpeh4 xk:jvfut-)nas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whe3r t zrdu /i :8 v*m7ee.5jxo8fafqeb5el of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with .8urdr7i5t jbvqzfa8 feem*:x/ 3oe5angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requir qwwj165* :dcypm: zqled to keep it at this length if the temperatcpwwdqzm:5y6l j*: q1 ure increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.04i qnx+ (wii3vy0dm:tj6 7hv*i1$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at i/ cv76jo0qpz swt)p020$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followijbgzfs6bl.0 -ng temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scalex *cy1 .uirl 9zbr640 pshf)xu4sfx)q?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are atvy3 :ugj-3(x fkkgv- bout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atd2 c)+ro;7xfwta 9gl1rt+zk l 8 e2ogfmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 9;2+128o z+de)roa tfctg xfrwl7lgk 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at Shegnrk w1k ) n20dw.h1ps7np6ct b;z*TP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contai. xzncie5ooamry p37x 47k1)rns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.j1rhpwn3od60 7m b4lz5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas isyun3,*oau. d*igyd. b at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argow e1t3ge7c nxk l 2y3hari9u19n gas at 385 Kxieewu19t3a2gc3 ly7 rkh19n?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o hj(cj 9o* otq.,p8eifzwjl* ;f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ballow+ qu24c, zymzon, which makes it less denz,q wc24muz +yse than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airhv6y9h5 , mi3ev,ed rkco.hu/cj5 fm. at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atclrh+5fxt 0txp7hpax 3.e qa22,1la n 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level l(t1uq1:;: 3aiwnp*dv fjyd i and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number xgw g2v+.t nm2of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 Ld6hpmm/5;x : -d,exg9mh t10rfnhv gi? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesek -f. pfgi*9y,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.19,;cq yqjelxuej.c /;h an02n $ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each bx(dwmb +89b6lvt u7t b;0,8,jc ljz-oolegg2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is abox o7zjleb+889 (tb6 bcw-odlmv , ;l0tg,bu gjut 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygeyoi(83d b. 6j(*il4;bhyowosfu 5.v3gday vyn molecule at ST (*by oudi3y..8o6s d45lf ;hyviojy(aw3bgv P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at vmcc r+s ,gv5h-3w)zua temperatum3 5vhwg) u+rsc v,cz-re of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incr app7loog8;u8 ease if the temperature is increased from 0 o7oap8;lpg8 u $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units r p-w2 8y t3m96alptpdof km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 6wp2tl-tad9rp ym38p 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules zo/u pvcbt)c 42oe( 6vin a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by wp7zh, v*,: qwt.dsfuuhat factoqud pv7sf,h .zwu, t:*r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molec1ayh/i x:p0zd.5)n 34fuzxan c n8q unules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixtu)sg hp 0*e-im;*0a0 mccbxkwbre of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the sqp;bwxs0 )mb-0m*0g k *ah ecicuare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.x9qb wnq:6 y 9irvvie4 p7vr155$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 -a,b;tj 3mn8n2 okwpk $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules k iiqk .ckhi70 jjj02s/bml(et7bm10 at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid wjf 17/zr3 ifxuhose molecular mass is 89 u in a lifr7/1fz3 iux jving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can 5ydn10;j(d7n7 ea36i)yfioh nbmk) mgfmn i 8be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran- rp7bh8v,gng ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what mdsls e5 3lp8k:rd ,s,phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phas5z6nw(efe+p f e when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9pef+56 fnw ze(0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the hum zhva6hp qv,5 :wi5en)idity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 5 vh:i6az,whpe)5q nv 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plac5sw4knexwzaz.h x3h;.7p st(e where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the m(y, p ,eg 1y8zm:qt-qw/0bugn cb 4zvlountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature a4: zpu q-ebtlbv c/(8qw ,gznm ,ygy10t which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on c(*s 9rj t 8c:xuz5zwsa day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relax:szz5 tw*8 s 9ccuj(rtive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25*x mu)ra w+uc; $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is04+wd,ld krdv2 7why 7 lfqr/c boiling at a temperature 70d2w / dv7,l ryhkfwlq4rdc+ of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rix 3.iv/bmt ;loom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewt6vz7c38negejvy(f qx 7 :, da point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mjzimv.o xz7u-va207 +ztnq5nolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15uvm5 tz v.z7n 7nzjo0xi q+-a2 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the int)-qgm) pyafz 2430n(o sm .acmds 5cnoerior through tiny tubes cal35 moop)(.ns4mnm 0cg )cfasdqay2-z led tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has x67tnb6-bzx4acv ak /y2j.y bbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been c3xezijo u-: +x)w9oc h*(udasalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cuxdfz xhog26 :h2 /qoe/p was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the wato/2h:x6o2/ qhfdegx zer and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindz2dn8j 6 whl0a9d9*hpd2w -c 6dg; ovztybvk8er is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the orl0; n6wta2j2dchvy9do 6dd 8 z hg-*pwbkz8v 9iginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules iflgez; 4mq/gh8ls: s3n a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is :m3;lsqhelf48 zg / sg22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pejpp8rkzc l0k,h,q /;qr $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usi.l2npsk 7m m9jng the best available vacuum techniques is aboutp n7.m 9lksjm2 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lu/ swf y +4tm+ s-1w)8so8vhevd quxny0zs,5xengs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advis)vw+ e qt,4xdwu5y/so yv0f8s e h8zmsn+xs-1 able?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the l,8e( ainnipfx z5/ m:Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose lxf a8,p imnn:ezi (/5of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is zats :bp1go iz07:bj;kl6c(b increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of b/ 0 vf sipw;n ;jrsk6ke*akif43n; )c770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric t3m s)b/s2:i ;aemmf m2c *cbepressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate;)f 2ei3c:sbmeb2 m/m tasmc* the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of ni;rj u *jcm0w y xfiuc,1z-0d1rtrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen fp)547to4s.nxq9 rl hbgb7o /j ee2dwused in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant el7b5oep2 g. /jn oh9fdr74)4qxwbs t at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a ,ma2mzp*u-d ebowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol-nb.u qjz*e0it-y 7whx+p2 tyine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatorhyv *ujw41*r n at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto q n;izg8 gq20ia glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standa8n 1vim()xt7 rsl0wkfrd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chargn92c+s03l f:fs)xxz q tbaum /ed, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i )fh4hpife c1tuh/ bjw)1t()r s $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is ee7o8iv-v8qoh -:wapn 8cj c 8suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How maic- ew88npqv 88 7e-oc j:vahony tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cmq(3i45da u zav0(qwvk-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a l (vauz(43i dwa5qvk0qake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the fol:p tb9 w-7/rlblq v4kh8.biq r wj3ka1h* jq2rlowing two days: 2*kbh7 3 rir.kpatv1q: l48wlwqhjjbr/q-9 b
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it iww-yl9t;/ k7w jx a z-o+yx(mms a solid deep in the Earth where7 y-+ -xow(jw ;kwym z/x9talm the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law 1.jmyn4p;bm )f7g5ytgz0nf k to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume ex1yy4fm0kpjtb5 7 gn;.zm n)fgpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people col 5uh+h.vab.;p(p uvp nstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cell v;(hpv p.a5bul+hpu .ar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg