Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alu(aa8vab js) o q.2ywb6:-urle minum? See the periodic table o( qebyals: .u8brj6 w a2ao-)vr Appendix B.

Name several properties o7qac )h.ziak-b o6-wy 5pepx;f materials that could be exploited to make a thermometere6 i5 cpqhpzybaw.a7ox;k)--.

Which is larger, 1 C*s u. jndeq -x p0,2eqslpyx81 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but e*.wi*qlrt1 poxvn-+ct/ y* /i gr,jvB is not in thermal equili y vwlcrjx/ gt*e*1-n,o+v tr*q.pi/ ibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to7bgb /fi3 km7r a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tbgi f/rk7 m37bable 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansi-tm.vg 7myu3 :d:n v*7 oprwlnon $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnz,ulu/7 0s6 szpm0j.k erd 0vmace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Exu0u,z6ks .rz j7d/0ev mlp0smplain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a thxygiecir t855l+.o:zqu ; - section in the shape of a U o 5t zri-yu;q8chxge:l.i+t5. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinf62:tk/ .eeyuv 4ebgsder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermff46iiu4b6m q l *2nohometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially if4um6l2*qi bf4hn 6odescends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may welb; r c48t e*9a8le a44gqrjbreak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exple4* tljbe8r4 lg9qwaea cr 84;ain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glukyhlrz* n 2.q7j-*m + 9shw:wm 4wkcaass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rissk7zmc49uam-j*hyl+r n hq:2*wkw w.e to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at/hdpi.x++ , a6+b iewpetydjx9hy m85 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause itsps; 5mj tnn41o3 ts3qx bottom and top to bulge so badly the can wil nsp 3o14mx35jqt ;tnsl not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compress9,08sr* ixfhdpy 8x vzed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules whfh8xxvyzs0r i *,d 8p9en they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force o0 ls,7bwusu2n:l v/3qnr+h kvn an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the u/ 7n vs,0n:k+3wbllqr2vuhs temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory an6r e ;gaw5mfsp7g6t c:(t d8nid the relation between average kinetic ewnm :(t 6i7c 5frt p;gs68gedanergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follow:m1;sr u r(vfvtf.n +zs from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the dtpry mj:*z(f 4 f-pt3Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object vp w,y 4gdhc11must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no aw1pd v,4 1gcyhtmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can y-a; rwmdw/sv( ou infer about the molecular properties of one rw;s ad(w/vmr -elative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at y9jpw5 z ep9,ethe same tempwp 95pj e,yz9eerature.

Is it possible to boil water a bkn,ae3/h r4ti (4oowr1n/iit room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the jq x v4 i)zxk,owt81.lz;lr r vpxh4//air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the hu.k hz1/xr4) xiq8 vl4;,tj/opl vxzrwmid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overe/ mcnh2(k.,c zy2hjpi */ dkpheated automobilecd*m pc/jek, 2zih/p. (kh2y n engine.

Why does exhaled air appearpj /ugc +az0vl 2i,d)o as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grup0ia tvdvxo8c eps0j::l+6- rr n5) tam copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of +tqcgvs2n *o7 q4.lfl+lkb eidz8)p 6atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ringl4s+ck oznepd.gv*8i t)l fb7ql+6 q 2 of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius sbv*a65w 5hgbqj a0 n,zcale? 6bzh w ag,5*0bqanv5j   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorde7d::jxjxo ,n -ff,qrm d are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, tnk ,e+ pzm9vc(xcu8*bhe alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.c9 ,vnmc kz+ *x(8uebp0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of yju 1 19 )ckmlz8lmg0jslabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought i z2+7ooarque o ;ow -/n5o8( jxdkw1moron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperaturkz/+7;1a5o dx-j(o meowoonqou2w r 8e of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that 7xltt,gj:: 0pwnyxr:are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A lpnx:: t07 :rjgw,xytsteel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water f4s6ga e2tzjm t2+qj9lv nh0w7mx; 5uat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volumegnkqelonwt1,;sd ( bd 1 7fd:q8o))o e if it is heat1o ;8e nbq fg7(,ododelstk)dw)q1: ned from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.s( z v,wf*v3pe0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wat d4-*g0vbs(zj:5xbm:i mc1/n rp dgqjer at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in 9d0 g in/ v00(nqlyz c-rdls+md6s6k ga ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, npd x/d/saithhief 5ee87c-1 ) arrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion se8fda//ed7h 1cxtie 5- ph)i is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changerm4/hwzg* x/ t in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width+oms4 ju+br0da b j1y2 w has coefficient of linear expajubda 1+04joymb s2+rnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solij-+9mn cq2 ewrd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfectzwabq.w 86wf ,own wg8p*,f p/ time at 1pf w z.n/w * bgoawq6,,wp88wf7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermosq8y8kd;xi; ws7yxn7 meter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.id 8 x 7xqks87;s;nywy255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whck u,khea0 8(esz )0zceel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axa0ee8k s czzhc)u0,k(le on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired le (81noy3gdz ,ro bcwq/ngth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature ,rg( qo3nz bdcy1w/o 8increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel lkh1:kzgufv 7sc;;k ,I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1 8 o3idshg)+te22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temdkw;qg md.uuk n5),,uperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatu0amxc n6 s.u3y/ q*xjere on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and hec 1w23i yua8:3r s ge/0mkwySun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temp k x/d+45byowjerature of /jwo kx5y+bd4 about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygeeqmn q z/e6wedx9e36)n at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrqzam2sw +l)0 rf.yj8 aogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1a 5+ t0exfogm6b. xz *j9)3yn5 lccsvl8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas ivjlxc b 1wpkh7ixgsg1q, 7 a4s 3w)f9;s at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 1f6p k yis9f5pc-i a,w(05.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?5 pa,9w-isp 6cyf( fki   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgw:rytb d)zco5wk :glh2m/-* s of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air ins+v1iwn i k286-;)z 1p ovymk qy/usjkeide the balloon, which makes it less dense than the av pn k)zyvoii 2;jq/ sye-um16w18+k kir outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 cx:- w0 kwbg-w$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 184edb)dl+c 9smcq0ad0 .0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at s5) l4-ytww;jz.q kse cea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules kydj-; by;9/3h; q9hbh lwnx e/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mahz+ xzxnx8mjgz17i6f x 40y(r ny molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (vzf9od s(:t ) jtemno22/9znva) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumad bww,zpwc9xpf(w6dpp8/no d * 93o.e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breatha fgca i0x/820 t 0qv(xuqi9pgw0 .vlc you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of c0q xqc8tvc00f/i p0 v.i2uwx(9 gagalonstant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational 8idy p5 u3yin zeahdm( sx+-k/t1f5;wph6d 0dkinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STh0i5-u5dhnzpdwie tx;a ypy 3 d+ 6sk8mf1(d/P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed 6i*vc(qkj d5yg ckk +;of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperat(kck+ 6gdkv qc*y;i5jure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules ib iphor)+x d4dy4t. k/ncrease if the temperature is incrd it .b+oky/4rhxp d)4eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have t wou+/evvi9lnqs58 ci(0 dha0he following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and vo q0ins+hivw59(8luadc 0e/8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atpm18wbsk wh3v0v f6l0 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whilea p*- uajyyq th(g9*8u its volume is held constant, by what facttq a9*pju( 8h*yayu g-or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speek) xc;9qorf- qd of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temqltmi898xs p8s- 9hf mperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of 9i 8pqfh-txm8l9 sms 8the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of jgj,ib0oz29.h3r9ukr +*+ zxg qpz swnitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spe51i+q:-r qbrc 7 d9a8ey9 tceicyry(ted of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrog 42m0 b*dejual7 dnzs.en molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speev :72 w1p:vwpsrsyyb ,d of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell a spb2 :: y7wpvvr,1swyt 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas ev imqi60)uy7 can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u8 y-t6hy5 kz(spzozzou/(e3uu+x4c p ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pfli0q -znd x/,ressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperal zavv9ko(52 vture is (a) 902zvlako v v9(5 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when az/6z/+vttlr3:lwk 5i ey)gu the te: t+zzearwl5uv)i/yg/ t l63k mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water balg q0xo q km47(xut.-oils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular placd 3j7+ t33uvk7ci7anhh brg 0xe in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water bg33dkrh0 c a7b+3x7u 7 tvhnijoils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature o)x rfy y+7yl8bn a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa an fl+)xyyry7b8d the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the t2xe g1 cc-tdz8sd(nq5 emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water o i5v gp6x(afcqpk9v03a 5 )bdis boiling at a tepb35qivx9(oa k v c6dg5)0pfa mperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol8:-xz wc .;aixk4)s g 1f iky0ww.mcbnume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de.q,k/7(y ve sfep mi.yw point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a c,ug sy1cu 6 hv:62)klol)obcglycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance og6y2)ck1uchvu),6lcbo: s olf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny21g :njryjk6i tubes called tracheae. An average trache:kj1i6g2 jyrn a is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrate0qj4 yucde.) 7rk*vgkpk3em/ d at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratei d0/)l6/5 cnm9uztnu7l jjrfd at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at nopr3uul4nl0kjl h /3sft; :np-rmal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 3j;0n lrl ln-3u3 fu /hks4pp:t00 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliu6aw-0 ixa94+pwwo iqj1m zh d2m gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylind mah 4 -+zw wad1xqojwpi9i260er?   

  Estimate the number of air qn-3ka +ltye 4z n 8;1( wypejbptpe77molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature isjtp kb783;w-471yee yp t+qz lp ea(nn 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one b ,+.pup 4dvahnr6yc;atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availagz3/b uutx2t yn--d6x..oe sable vacuum techniques is abouug exy/-bzd6 2 os.ut.tx-na3 t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacit.o5lufi7p zt c:+7jbk y of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surffozl i5 cb7t.u:+p j7kace? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmos4fygtk ur8 80nphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correy4u 0kf8tr8g nspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fromsg0y ch,yc0i g;rxu cd9 kk+81 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume m k++o4eddb+ q(7mmxk,eq2b c of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surw 1* (mdroj7lpo0 rvg+face of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospherwmoj+ p r1dv*(7lgr0oe.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained +z(l)rpe xxa13jpoa( +f x6lv in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen usew.)hi41 f0vzm4k l5wxfu ,k zzd in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow 0)f,m xwzfvkl4.i1kzwz5 h u4rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury m k .e9t xagj b*x06 sbiqr8+ckq465*iui f9yjat 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinv ozbe r-3md+,e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the5+m i0jsa+hvvlvar8 : Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass zir g1ug6dj-w4 6w/mmjar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted iwis vn73*t dt:n the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, 3 13sz81 hj .nomw. (qtakyjh/p o3kaxhas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth ib ypbntazd/ c+rj-4:( s $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by te(kxbou+zu6 m4yh pk-f o0b;n3 nnis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid eo;-(bxb n64o pkh yf0u3kuzm+lastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releas1wmy+o 9 myci iyy2.z2kf (qd2es a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constyi(9c.k+oyy 1qfm iwy2d 22 zmant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pre2.ivk;o m/wkwssure in the air on the following two days: ./km w;vwiko2
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in qlpu (16 d2 a9v-dbpzathe density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in p -v9a(a21dul6 pzqdbthe Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant prekc0py7yo q*x+ f+d v)pssure, the coefficient of volume ex fy ckpx7*)q0odp+yv+pansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidif9oklm;tvl(8 vve13lry their cellars to prevent rot and mel(k tlr1v38 ;vvol9 mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg