Which has more atoms: 1 kg of ir *;iuwf a7vr8l ove7r72jr 5qion or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix Bler78iqru7rf72v io* ; wvj5a.

Name several properties of ma/yw p ,h6yk)3h20fi yxxd4f wtterials that could be exploited to make a thermometerhwx/,f0tfyx4yp 6wy ) k32idh.

Which is larger, 1 Ce/i / byltxg/v1ba51ixs( h7 a $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal eq5 xfr3ork( 7o9e wts,cuilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatusckfr( t9x35or, o ew7res of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Wh,pho /r h)l4chen heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tablhprlo/,hc) h4e 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of2ofvjh1idhi11xasp 733v pqn z4z ;z6 linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a di1bw+ga7ujoo3q nb: i ;agram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at oi: ;uona+j3gbbq17w different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed/c3ft x/ wzj-d at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whyxf-/t3wz c/jd ?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flo h,. osak:jn; m56c/o8nvnoyzats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a5+j ) ug92w-y4czzhgwuji5 pk hot tub of water, the4ijh- pz gc 5y5w+ uu2)9gkwzj mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coolecm3r4, w :zqq9s;as fpd more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ewpq;a9zc 4 q:rs,3 sfmxplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is t3nbli( f9n35e seww,e1hfz * ehat its coefficient of linear expansion is9ewfsel*zhf3b (w, n 1eine 35 much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cl+qb -kptdx-4mw/ 2kyee7v hi-ock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bae.l8z6* kd8pz/fpo)ln c otv1dly the can will not stand up. What has happpzdv. * ozte/8k pn16lfc)8olened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, bh w8d o(z7-ovny pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. dovz- 7( w8hnoExplain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forc r.rif4f9rj+t..yahr e on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease a.r ftri+..4rfr 9yhjif the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic0ug10h(-) i yfw6pe nkvaep jqp;mo4(hn+ax, theory and the relation between avp,y0;puj4n h) hma1egv xpa(+n0(qeowi6kf-erage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-L+h9 jv ;)zc ss)r5wcid:,qtdzussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s at+jcn0(xiat1 titl)e 1mosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objec;ywtwbi., l h/t must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moonbl,wy /wt;i h.’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly y*r5v91af.gru38*o )bsi cphm: 3bd8exnexr than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative too8 x m*b5vd8n) y1er3rf a.c:g*uexp3 ir9bsh the other?

Explain why a hot humid dayqt mk9xhppg:e 7p5ho**5 - nan is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same :k7ntpmh ph 5aqng5 -xo*9e *ptemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tbyqvo;,b 0z +eemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidityrakfvhdb8) ;:m kwa7 ( hwq;q- is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explai8mv- 7;h adw:)hqf(k wk rqba;n.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the hady).nzj 32qradiator cap of an overheated automobile jz yn a)h.3q2dengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)nr+r kb k;)/cv?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pe+ dkv-r fz6un h:b:nv, le746kquq jh4nny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number oc+krlp*+w gamhv( x8)f atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass? a+kxlg(+cw)vhp8 rm *$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thic l:--fk -f6s slwqg9 7sted:qs on the Celsius scale?6c9 seqfl-g-7fwlq- td:s :ks   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13 n:zov-*7zd1b8lf/.ya h kxsn6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at9resm-8l5upq-*awf g cf5vip, s46ge 0.0 q sig8ge*v ,556-fs w9pp -craeu4lmf $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (7 ; lwozp/5t)llhop3rz; inj;20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m t,2 h/bm9oi q-cj- acuhall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25 ubh2 9,ocj--hqc ai/m°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the h 7erco8cu / z5jh6mol 5k,9jsrivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) befor5ur/ ehkoos ,6jlcczh859m7 je it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at j-0k wjyf4zk 14 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.7 wz-z)v0 zdmyv.;k0ccn +cg)e 5 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated v.) wcn0kd-g; cevz +mcy)0zz from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brid.2zb6mfp cp; m with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20gjpdt04vl ncr36wjl /f mzy8l9. m; 3w $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is k.dnl04w zh f2h :cclh/:7ktr to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand v+. pft rnu7*h*)el(ucz1uaf in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion fur1)nza.7hcpvef l**ut( u+ is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densi tuarit lfpd(./ :9 majv7e9df1qt 68dty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear e1i -y3 4lhbo fmrb*wi,z3+ sjyxpansion3 -ioybyr+4jb13wz l *hi ,fsm $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soldzw95)ji.bp9 t b rsg t6hb;iun-p:5zid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass n agh s0 b/z:enscf1a99 qb8h8and keeps perfect time at 17 /hszsbb81 9gf8aeqhn:ca90n $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has akkco.:0 man7 xfd; lt6n inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0. kn7t:.0xko;cf l 6dma255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m7bo3dvf1miux q) b 7m7wz-qpg0 dxe25 is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velwq07im1)p2 do- d3g75fxv zq7ubxbme ocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requir -d r-zaa5 vtque4-q+-nf;crmed to keep it at this length if the e rrq --5vcanza-t+ -u mqd;f4temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal stee u1dxe w+*hwf5l I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 h--,nh qmx1np cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvicy wj*;m c 24-8jyvvain scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?gb;*x pdrc(gms -sj.46r* epl    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun ag yrv*4 2yqx6kre about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engiowf qodpidd2+oc0o(. t7r /k9ne, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of ard0o+oqpocotw /79k2 f. (d dibout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using thk+qdb7t3sc kxf e,2d-e ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains le x a,y +ib.4uq+)dyl21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg()y4oq jrs- fx of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliukf;h1mk;w vkz a ab292m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas sbxd+3gg2.k / q c7ridcu+:clat 385 Kdu273 +l/xqg+bsdcr gikc:. c?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of 2c wr.* ik ry6v9ou0rwx8d uw1uy jg/1$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant liqzevkg4yecy:9afqz 5, i3o -2ft by heating the air inside the balloon3iyz qk:ezfeqo 524-a,g c v9y, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a)t hz28o 3tjnat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 3z,iov5 ap0p c13k bc yym 49z3abd:wb18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea ledp5 ue3w cvs1 62(fzhtvel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of2szt+afr3 )cwfc92u b molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How man x7n;*3plx+vxx . iz bi5l4vksy molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number oii f 39j7jtpw1nl:n3 vf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume htxijv,( btp(3. r5c p5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecule*((prob 9snj ts of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in tnb9 ( j*pt(srohe last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxycba . yj xj/k p3+,wns0xlg*-d31bqbrgen molecule at ST3daxy0 c1xj,bbsw* brnp+kjg.q 3l- /P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium y:sa(el:2m*ri lx aqy 7;z,gjatoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature ofm :7(2ze:qxs ;lgjlay*yai,r about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mole5ar:bw*ke g o2cules increase if the temperature is increasedbe ag5krow2:* from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s:, lez3+/uf *he rbote45 aysy4 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms sy,3tof*az4u4 ehe+5 y/b rs lepeed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atkt4vv5793i qozs i d8k 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volum bsi u6xw-ers)1bf2n,xh a5c5e is held constant, by what factor doe 6-x,s5w 5 hb )ui1acebrn2xfss $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules fgd:aa7lkiwp*yo5x4 / x(c 3n in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratf.l:itf o3kc).vh+p gio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molec f :.cgtpvi.k+olh)3fular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained s mswwtvm/n1 1/b+:mt in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at snf.m -z;)i.:2bmwd8o nxj nu0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules al:bbh/(i ryq)t STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 8px65h c+p ucc99 dmkjnxu7(/y9 u in a living cell at 37 yxuc7hmkjccp/x 69dnu 5+p9 ( $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wri3i . g4lbp/noo(:mdzstten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranifnpt 2sf1x ca4q,l* +eum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what w2/df.v -fl u hs-zz,aphases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tew;y o(kbt ;i(bu4 ;vmox3*/ qsyxkf.zmperature is (a) izt4;oy *( qv x;k; f/ (b3xmoubyk.ws90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a daykllg-/hk ;;c.oi k/5fxwl-i a when the temperh-l/l a;io.gkwi/f5;c-xk klature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure q3ffao xk2f2gcyg4;e n/r4m/at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72u(jgxpa i+2 k2 atm, estimate the temperature at which wj xi2p(u+ 2akgater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pv3bgo/a x2g6bnksm: tqg,u ;(ressure of water is 530 Pa and the re6tmvbg(o k/3; a q2s g,bu:gnxlative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressur9mg* 8:itm-m url/-k iy y3zsre of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pres8yft. sa ,kcx,sure cooker if the water is boiling at a takt,y,.fcs 8xemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roxdlb9; pl5cfra 5.kzfva (w, 9om of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po/kbh 1dq j.br 7;gumu7 0:sifbint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molwsfb,frv o9b4 icjd+ 1m7v-,oecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dis v94j,o bfo7d1sf r-vi+mb,w ctance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throughuil;jbu:ym s uodk(+ q.60 xv( tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trach juix;dml:u(0v o (+ 6quksyb.ea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cq1c;n f:uch xl5w/j)malibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratwggz29ji.3j6ajm: qg3t eg;p7 w 2mmsed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated a1 h(l zdxtw(5it normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the wax( zw1d ith5(lter and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 brq7b: +i lh;ratm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gau:;7qb+rbr hli ge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m,d+as xx3qy4zp.eq qf5 3mv(5f width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m.35 xs f pfqez4qmqdvx5.a+(3y Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one ate,,ub g6wvp 4:l7 buspom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure ats*pzdaxgym 3yey 49*;tainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abo s 3myxdp*y9g;z e*ay4ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his l4s/i0ieh r*cew n zo:t,+d(fy i6ock1ungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advis,yos+ 10/dkzitii(cco 4h*ee :fwn 6rable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entersofmg dx+;cv 95 Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; inv cm;5 x9fgdo+deed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is 1g:aleqq a.xt r y.7lm,qd (-pincreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770p ,*m:qthvfs( mmj.1s m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface kljoge5 slsl+yz757:oo +eq -of the Earth, estimate the t-oy ool7j 5 sl:gqz7k+eels5 +otal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed ofc 3c30,bn5 8txjjjyc z nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of ox4o,w4)a fxwqrpg7m0 mg5op. d m ,yor/ygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is co/po,wp0g x4owamr5myq. ,7md 4g f)ronstant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowln+pv 0. 8no wwzizb4f9 of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline e /8:revck: .g8im gonake9l7at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Ea omni6tf()5j, mb7v;ox1t (qpbmv9yx7i +wq frth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a)w3)dkzw12ibxpafd q;l4 bn w-3xmm: glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 18ncrps361e jm; $^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 2)7dkg 3gfrg8 qm0q gw(0$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth 0d+a 6 ofvtfb r3-tpblm 2r/f,is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throwa y. 2*m09 xkvz(mjkusn vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming tamzs2j *m0yx9k( v. ukhey have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (*28yd vg 4cllfspherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assum 2dglfv4 lc8y*e the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapu 5dy3n v gq;wh7zk0x5or pressure in the air on the following two days: h75 k03 ngqxv;uyw5dz
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dens-lk0hi m84 kjeuju(/zity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where thk-8 zjhm4 u(uj0ki l/ee temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas lav h 65vgqem-ue-w:m+:6uiq caw to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficienwmi e:g-h+6euma6-uq:vc5 q vt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cella3: sp5xjlb h2b/qtp3 wrs to prevent rot and mildew. /p hxt32 q:p lwbsj5b3If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg