Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 akqce 1/g+r sx*u:* t:bdwm n*kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix qk1*t*ud b :e:r*wc+s/amn gx B.

Name several properties of materials that col ox;(hg h079bqd ap,-kek8ttuld be exploited to make a thermometxkl0ptbeaoh;(97 ,dqg8 t h-ker.

Which is larger, 1 C pv6l;datg+4r yic 0b)$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibribi8 wjk3lg(t *i0d d8 3igy9fudbf8.xum with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C,fbdx9 8l8.(ji 0 di wgd338kgi*tyfub what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic str4v :c ( gdbjz5u6qorb;pl+/quip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will benbp5 dvbo46r+z(:c/ ;qugluq jd. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expmo 8*)(stiy f.up7 wwcansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a q mmo s4b4zrn.:m/ 8dk6pd stfgr/13bfurnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how i:g n qk/4.bos 3pr4m1mtbz r8/d fsmd6t can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that aiswz k7c-h))nu,33lvj xi4u a re fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a u)x3 v z7wnlhuj3 4a)-,scii kU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of mj152eol/tc4wl ayn6lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glassnknsj+to; : ybwm) +n: thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, thebt: )kmjns +ny+o :w;n mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cfea9kt33t1qmfry2vet80uj0 ooled more rapidly than adjacent partut 8myv 3aj 0ekrftq e1f30t92s. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefffpxn1e: 1w5wf eq: bc*z o(wo/icient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Ecfzebqo nxe:w* w f51:(w/ o1pxplain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, a ce6wk7irb*+c ccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its boc,gpa+ nrptq98a2 be/ttom and top to bulge so badly the can will not st p9aqrbe,2atc /np8 g+and up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing dow)s:a*vodiq;yg/a6 fq n a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular nodayg ;/ ova6*s fi):qqting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in w*+qzlpnwqkk55 7eyy9a a f o(.ater increase or decrease if the t7kw zy *aaqf(9k .55n +yoqeplemperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lap3 8 ldn2qfx9vditp1*w follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic vfd pqt83x2d1l9pin *energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theoryb;wcd9 5w/si +vkkrp(.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, ty gndcr9x; *7v es8w3vhe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objb7 b*iy9p*qj xy0s0mlect must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass.jp7s m*9 0ylxq bb*iy0 Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mo;azoyre a4*vdb.) yo2re quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the yz2a;oe )o.4dy r bav*other?

Explain why a hot humid da o7bh powg0n;.y is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same ph 7n0g.woo;btemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempege2z: +k sp6exrature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same bu;uj8 n5zf a 4/sd ;txk7yxb0fmt the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the samxbn7ydmzf; 4f /kjx8aut0 s 5;e T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the 0vut gza.+no* qh)b l(radiator cap of an overheated automobile engineuahoz n t(*b0g+q)l .v.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whiteoas*am*p cm6n4e3v5.ups t8h cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are therdd ,ym3r/w wgh2ef) -.tbhd5re in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the lu dxk13 o,t4cwey*qka-u)p6number in a silver ring of the samec4xua1t- o *kq)6 ,ydl3 wkupe mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this 7rq6eep v19px on the Celsius scale?q9 vxep76e 1rp   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowwd.ve m 4i,3 i2lok-a nlo/m/yest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11c34ttj8+m;3,p .ao ihz hrri j.82 cm at 0.0o;hhpz83tr cij.+a3 jt4 mri , $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m (5fykb d5zlvv*- oq)2ro dy8elong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrough+f ij2:lj x*not iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betwee+i:ojj2x n*fln July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than ts,nxmf5kz*t 94o1 g mzhe rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A stzfm4 xgs,mt9zkn51o * eel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4if6 io pv86aff-4x8 o+ef )nfb $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be it rr5c vrx-y-z7s change in volume if it is heated fro-5cv7 yz-rxrr m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water a28ec qwbg rfl5, uo*n3t 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wat,a m2q0ye0* wcrb.i ojer at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring cjv2j lz,.w h.made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow 83()p:q0 vw1kgkx tak9ljw cr7ie s8ovessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal towgl:v98 xk) q378i ews p01ojt(rkcak the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density8ytz/5x31ah ;8 jpyjvlw-,oq:ctz0t4glx ek $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficiens)r8kpq0ez2j6i 0h ci t of linear expansikh)spc iri00jzeq682on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so u+k8+ tswqyo ,csxj3/lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfathe hetrm5- /-pscv uo4m4r clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 5c r4s tup4h-em-m/vo$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercurob .o vx6pjf)+y thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a v +fo)o6pb vx.jolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abou.7 hc3xyze/g 6) fzkaut its axle 7cz3 6agykeuh)zf/x .on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whr.tawol8(9tkj lglq wa 44/b0en at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tempklj 0/atogwr(4t9l48 qa lw.berature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionac8g0/4n . q jsnkst3wj xh,,xhl area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 ylx v3)0:enal o +uwee.6y.+iz)xw mucm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sca dva;9a.zye,p le:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheic37bj ssruq; fqb a1*3t scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4di-oao8 3c5bkii2 j */ld u)ehw3u3od 000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperayq-uhk ydq /n,x.6g :nture of a,uy -6qhxd:gny.q/kn bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideara ;0f6ggts dof,n, k9l gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitro7ssi,p/(lgvte 6c z;0nz4 zuy gen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STPuyff nvo+-e: :v *lim6;d iy:t contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gasls)0ho5bqs7g*htck7 l *j 1dh is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insidkp95c,x0xngpvv b) x 4-u bvl,e a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385k bpl9gv,v 4p5uc)0xx,x-n vb K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of no z;r*w e5 qr0.be,dc$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air ihk:db4(,al 1 8avpfwh4i /gvb*lzl3e nside the balloon, which makes ithb f1,bzkvpi48:g l aewd*al34(h lv/ less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at g1mri bi.cfjtr:h 7 h+,i2b:f15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a1q:vuuke .xw- 78p hox62dtvrt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 9zlv ;wyk3.lj(u:2djyqsrwt -u6z* c20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculesa6 mam;mt8xy-z9t k6;p b ufy1ex 0ad4 / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there ing7sb9 5ip *p5uvrmop; 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole9ax-ifil 5xe0s,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume qteht;ea+,j*i6+atapuy8 l7 1uk/ ua3) q ajc5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breatp zi14yylk3()w ni o2oh you inhale that were also in the last brea)p3iow(4 koyn izy1l2th Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic enera nn2f.v/lbtq qf4x. ,gy of an oxygen molecule at STnn.aq/ bq4 .lx,t 2ffvP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sux0*t a5z3,q mo7jvig kn at a temperature of about 6000 K v5q, tkz3g iaox*07mj.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of hzx/ ed4xr jj,1zw1- mgas molecules increase if the temperature is increased fromje 4z/x wj-xz h1d,1rm 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following spelt* pw0rrbq14o 2,r fqeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Ca 4qw brq2fp,rt*0r lo1lculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20def 2rhrq (ps42*;ype.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its v3p t 7b)yq3kylu3 /jgzolume is held constant, by what factor doe3bzkl3 j3ypy/t7) q ugs $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas i6rx1 y7 tgml8j3:+ t rjvz5/wy3 slehss given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, th t w1vq/wf9-4l1hnvzm,gr/ - mp9gmfue ratio of their rms speeds is equal to th -ql9z v pn/vg1f/m4gmwwt r1m-fh,9u e inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitr4rumh0f oin) ;ogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molec9p.(qs)aw.j eh6dc h 6b4n6uvcilml3yp6qb4ule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecu my fz))pqm.nvmy/f6/ les at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid h-y,jq l06q 8zx8n kdiwhose molecular mass is 89 u in a livi jn 88l id,hqx60qzyk-ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writt7jla * ibz/q9tb*s;wxen P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniub1xso 2l wf218cxim jdjwd.2 8m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wli6t oe+*lk )f6ft f-a frfq7,hat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when th bl61dy 23fhqhe pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 y bhh61lfd3 2q$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximat.jtdnk+/g2vx m i1u;gxs- -v) ebmu9tely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature tgx2sm uv-u+1tgv xjd9;n./km)bi-e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pla/q2w zhlp(edcx;f yfl:0: 8sm ce where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place fo -op2trth0:mo er97 in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wa ptoo27o0-:r rf9mth eter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a,e,7/d.i m40e bwqk:l suz-a, xux aue day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rew e u4,0slzx/eaix7q.-b e,:u mkud a,lative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 2hg 8:oe5b1ost 5 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate6ko smwde(p7y ./ieqxn06n8u pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiline78ko .yq6n d(6xuw 0 /ipsmeng at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumnh26nl0o4lu- wd1y x8ce x-ocfwd 8y )e 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew gv sf f,idc6:0htn6 l08n anj3point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mol.1i8 8btj rjkdecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance j. tk8 18dirjbof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubeav9j.lqih p701d d2lts called tracheae. An average trj019.p 2a vq7l dlhdtiachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at / ,0hfoz/duxj 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tapee/jiz(p lrl5hk3 qx ;- measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room twod6*xzoyv*ym p*8/t emperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and thevw8tdzyy p6m/oo* x** cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftercpza-xmpd 33flyn0lo 693jo8 sx0w j. many balloons have been blown up, the-wpoa3cpdljmx z0oy09 n33lj.f8xs6 gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m 65(sjt-td izm.y4hd1l0 xiwi , and iiwdt.l -5 i6(1sdt xz4mhyj0height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density a6vb)2ob hga mmlvq c/1/v7)gienm.( of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availabl .-xq*uxmbjv(f4i+ uwg s06tge vacuum techniques is abo mvj+46. uq figwx-bts0(u*x gut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 0 1uhavc u2eklg) 7)ctljbxz55 ,8skvL when 10 m below the surface, to what volume wk50s j,k xh27le5cbu )zavgl 1)ct8vuould his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed ol2*b mqi6h2f zf about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part zim*226hqb fl of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fr0rfpb t/d 8x;swfin74 om 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7lsa)c h7ym )3..a 1pkcc qoo3d70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth.a0swq39i z4lss ml0o+ fu/dy, estimate the total number of airsla90y 3s4+oi/ws fl uz.mdq0 molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecule05wu7uno ibx-4 9byfhs contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge press0q fsoame3hj c-ycq s .m))/2pure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, ym o m3.jsqhfc2)spa/qc0) -e is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury bd3f0mh0+e dn at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ad y:v- :x x(x:sxmi7dgt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly a w h18.es+dh hyq77gf4r7e mjdround the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto ajy qn00/d 1 plorgqab/ 2r;on5 glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, rglis ju46,r .adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has pk8im+-zi -svk8eo x4a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from2;9dql/pa b,f jdzrg* the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid iu adv6t6l: 0b8/ a+v aonh1um/op8glvae1d,ns suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically /v8n 60+8a/g u6dmo,1vadvpa ao 1h bune:llt, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamet/utmw l:(c i6uer (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is consu( tumwl6i/: ctant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follo0au6+y,ry4b 1oam pvkwing two days: +16yy,k abp avm0o4 ru
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent di met9c*.76zxfkx2w o ufference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempe xouxmct792e6w.kf* z rature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant prnrh p6 d-;f:dsp2g3n pyhh,u1essure, the coefficient of volume ep-hh: syngp , nd3rh2up1 fd;6xpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rotz1yoysg) q47ax 02or c and miqz) gxcs0y 1oy2r74 oaldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg