Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum s /,2pwgarsa 5j,lgz 9c1q5pp? See the periodic table or Appendgzp 5,9/ jspwp51,slcg 2rq aaix B.

Name several properties of materials th(+8 wp, zy*guihxy+ *ui+bbcl at could be exploited to make a thermometerhp+ ,z*yb8x+wu i +yguc *i(bl.

Which is larger, 1 Cs7 4 c 5s*:ss+smsneyf $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wm7ak;tm l08/ tc luu,pith system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium wi7t;ll uactp/k u,m0 8mth system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a sttbk:9iox-m w( rip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside 9xkw m(:b tio-of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of yimo 3xq j gg6zy-hg3*rj)0t9linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to cob9s tru(rah3p tad8+ gd2-pb,ntrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling systedbh,s r3+ 2abu8tdtrg (a-p9pm). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sf6 y( / dt,op2 hoewcn,0s,vatj5qa4lection in the shape of ,(d,wt2ps o45 jtae0yahf,6 /vlqocna U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead+4s/mzk tn* lw floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in tb ip +k6eatwi5 oer)g 05mn43a hot tub of water, tw6e i5bmnip5e)otr0t+ k ag43he mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidlkiwubt 7* ydp+qy5rftv0/ n*/ y than adjacent parts. Explai qr/u7* i5*vypty t 0+/bwkdnfn.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glasswtz0s.lf1jmp+ 3o va. is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat r0.ljo saf.w3t vpz1 +mesistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clo9 gu5t-:pi w1kztkzx- ck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly t ymudt fo+j;71dmnf )*7itc4bhe can will not stmd7t* ui)t7 m 1cy+of;f b4ndjand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushini:ygg* uzv, ;rg down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum gg,z *y:;ivu rof molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere su8 nc 1ug097zyuxuc se7yp(trj 5w0qp0bmerged in water increase or decrease 0 u0 np1w7u0y8zrucxy pgt( 579 sqejcif the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kine p)3ri/mlh)nw p;wh4htic theory and the relation between average kineti/4mwrh)ih l p3pw)nh;c energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic thrpwon6u2u06 seory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s a+*xfxfcez ,a6pqs)))m bjsf*tmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to e vk0 w6to.-y4zamy9l the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due ta9-z0.vem o6t yk wy4lo the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tempb(x0o7l ip. 4xusob*gerature. What can you infer about the molecular propeix4ol0bpx u(b7gs *.o rties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is fe25pf,+pws;a-gohuynti, (s ar more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperat2n asiphwy fg -t(,, usoe+5p;ure.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatuch/l)ow+m )7s/ l3,kj/makm ns (l jbnre (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the a;f e-pf +uqev /qtc5fajhe83 4ir temperature is the same but the humidity is different. qqf83v cepue af/5;+ ej4th-f Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cax +olj9g;018gvb5gufka1 i7l g u b7xap of an overheated automobile enbf5 +l ; ab7gvk09u8 xgi1o1g xjgalu7gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (8tu pu iyn)6z/h*p mw/Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are therep41zqa+-429cpkekxvrg / t sb kfo 22k in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to tz uek8wcid-31 he number in a silver ring of the z-8u3wd1kie csame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsve z8*4rziq5u ius scale?u4e 8ir5vzzq *   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest anh5 4 hbxibsq/i+r u+e8d lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thkr /rqaf)8h1d d7snq ,ermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0r dd1f)ka 7s8h,rn /qq $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long 7usyx(dl,(kxv 21gum(20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) kw0 fii4h5u2cj/ ik in3r+n4jis built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperaiwij3j 20c5 nfn 4r+/hiiu4kkture of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the.ye h 2(u p-ha5prf)ix rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diamete a.ue) pf2ypxh(h5r -ir is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atvx5bf+,krr +c h ;gl4y 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chandz/ e3t7ri0k(po 4dzo)k fq 0pge in volume if it is heated from q0 dok r47k)ftzp 3ziep/do(030 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mLk+y6 tdz -da z11tskyrqt3(e* of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at g8.e, 2lrj/tmp4pvh: oj8 krf20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plac-4 pou4peg,dm e4nwl1 ed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained inbog*lmg f-j,pzagsx 0q 7+/; k a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansionmgs oj*gl;g qb+ f7-/axpk ,0z is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the cha dafl1 1o x q,z0s5w2 h3: hsab/lrx8*dgyvo;unge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffinhs3( ru;9z pjcient of linear expanu(;s p njhzr39sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrop cljh.-oo if32ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is madel rn e+(l +,-cwnlmc,g of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 ,r+nl-cgen(+ l cwml,$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diamqmhi8 .gkn92i eter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume okiqh.mg 289n if 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel t tg;4 bx0,mbvof radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless vtb,xbg 4t ;m0bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requ qyg :g8.mwdgpao ;e+mgm y5r 3x5n5t5ired to kee5wd5ag g p;:omrm xnyg 8q 5.e+3y5mgtp it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal stexde1ab0ub tny;h y+nkd+9a* ;el I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134xh6jm+i 37* zyppzoc)n;(zed.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on+ov/n d/(,fge qmmxy-j* t (ya the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what ted7 te9wljtz-1 0sjemr y3v0u -mperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about*j1ygw * b62:ao ev9e2bqvvxv 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temph d85ybt8)*+s t tvoljerature of abo+d tslho8bt5y )8* vtjut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gppb6.vb 6)-0xn jgs qvas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contaiycr8ysqifln;v1r04(pq pj 15 ns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5z qpu8oh7g+n1 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium 3c00)z1vijzzuhwoll.cz ,0r gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contain( 31 hkr7-zmhl geabk:er holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385kbhl-akh37(ze1:r m g K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of/shuqa5 8pva- $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyantm s*x)u 8mdaay-8+ lza lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it l8u amm*8)aa z dly-s+xess dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air p vtr54ylk i;2b1l0fnat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18. ,l3yy *cty0qw0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon esxrk;s; *mf /jez y+ m8ejp8qd.capes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molfjc,km6 un8g 0ecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How vl:h;2qj/wmi f m3f (nmany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)7i-qehk i:.ki moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume xb/dzitm 2x/lj.e1 9x5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that we /t;c+exq n4 sacwd::sre also in the lasad;en/swtqs+ : 4x: cct breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translation vwum1(wl p0k:al kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?mu0(:v 1kwpwl    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the s o*,uxz q/oylsayf,xl;s71 b*j tn3 p:urface of the Sun at a temperature of aboubo,7 st* 3l ,1s;yu:nfxjopazl*xq y/t 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if n z5lu t1gl8yk(iv8;u the temperature is increased flu8;8vyu1n5lgk zti(rom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unitser6fms5 io+z4 of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the of+e45s zmri6 rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules inf ra8rfe20fu 6wevvwy6 p+v0 1 a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a i00pb ly 8f6px4dld +ogas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does yf6 4 80dipbpol0dx+l$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given 7 tb4 diob y6kyj4hdfu3di-4:16erej by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, thes6ce(b+frt - -owr q9m ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their rrf+o mq-9b-sw tce6(molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in awaw ,0n4qj.3c ipf5 t,un y.dzn 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rmi.y tl/ghl6t 0s speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nwh .jk6)z9tojitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass i+f1rrdm +to7(n ertl /s 89 u in a living cell atml rt7n( ++ 1odetr/rf 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written x 1d3pligv ir - 150zdzdru4g7ot.f:f P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, 8m-mf r/emfzl 9.4eb7x wbvjjil6-)r $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric press)0 -.cmxtkmf os)moj/2auba3ure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a t8l xhsz,a m(qcq;w:.z,0u uq:ch-zc ) 90qxc ,a h qc;,:mw -.z(huu z0sc:zql8t $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity5umk3 oq6 c,6escw*a,l9 o6kf h af1er is 50% on a day when the te,59 c cs1ok*ahrmkuf6 e 6ow,3lfeqa6mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at axqj bjxwuy,s343yo -j0 7l1dt +n qa+2tf2 ooc place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particu ;xa;5c2rxzrflar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at x52;xz ar; fcrwhich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure o0tgc os3hn+hw8g 54f *gtr/yuf water is 530 Pa and the rela53wouy 8r+tcf t0* g4hhsn gg/tive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the )0dd vansirk.pi ab3 3j*0p 5vtemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressub09v)mnsz zi3re inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temv b0)3s9 znzmiperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voy6w, u q,d7hxqlume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinlny n*cug2(-k kpfyph t(.z/d+r4j h7t of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (sehnb4 .enql; 2w6z+apbl;/gbs5 a(mh fe Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 ng (4b5h+/2p;;.esn am bqawz6h lflb $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the inte4m *p6s4by +y8pxlqcz rior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sec8y px q6l*s4pbyz+ 4mctional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated9:2 osci(vdipb*ql- t at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has benwaddnuv,-mh 6wr 1 ,i/+kv q:en calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was gbh8.8 3pyt ddu)gd/wcalibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL o8dp . yhd/)w b8udg3tgf cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is i.wm* z 02tnqh.mlo f;wnitially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gau w*tm o2m.0z.lhqw ;fnge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of 6t- yd(u(vus rlength 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assumsr(vt 6(y- duue the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abot4ib/zd+*cab ,c h) peut one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available )qtzragc)lo7c mb 2 8v 71xjt)vacuum techniques is abo oqtxtg)l rv)m 81jcc7b)za72ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacaq a3u8gwc 6x9/jsy(iity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surfacaqgc 8iaxyw/jsu(3 96 e? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon v/kfq 48yd1 ga+2pwv uenters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this 1wd8+ /aq42kvp vufygis seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas 5m )qo f4m9l0 l/cll;jnl64 bbpm1k cmis increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m+6hifp u+v) k.o(lixz$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earthv+z2eabwjx5 9 ra-p:7uy8 pf m, estimate the total number of air molecules827:me+xavruyabj f9pp5 z -w in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6hsg m*6:y xz3lq g; u3*kecdq6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has go/f s 8qa9u8na n(ygs7auge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and aty n nfg878s9q osau/(a T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bo xsok4-v)pvb) +gl0 nt0kpa8r wl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0rcgf13ue n9jd5 nt-/wjf ,zl0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator aty 9cfje9;f,e6 2kywcj 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass ja0me cge .gb:6qr at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in76hny; . 5 9; 8rmritonkslyzc the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 199-x xwi+j3nm+r/4 qkw egu .jo5 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the rbs r;:nocnl njh7y/ e.3+ sjhn5fz-8Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is t ,2 pkh00ryq5bqop5csuspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have q0q5 0pr,tkb 5po c2yha mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphe1fm /byoo6s bq +t r+ka6yzd7-rical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches thykts6a+/ y 6o 1 dbb+mf7q-orze surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the f+we 0wwn2qd.u0)( l kday,oktollowing two days: wdw2t oldywan ), 0kk.q+( ue0
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at Szb/9fagq w6vf ruc/o:p.0+uc ,x jv2 fTP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tef/avxvf.b0,2 fujwurq c:9c +zg 6p/omperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to /5k-cy 2buph ozhd9 2ashow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, thhyc5ak- 2dbuz 2h9op/e coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.