Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg od9 2ibv 50ts2kz tp,ruyowj5(f aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B.(u52 vt yr2bjwtdki 59oz, ps0

Name several properties of materials e .3 xsnu;,cvfthat could be exploited to make a thermometer.nce3.;vx, sf u

Which is larger, 1 C fzcnm3m/l0az :j88my $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal eq +d s3jx1;aappuilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatjx aps1+dpa; 3ures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stripf:5kly)-zv*byrgkr i,c2 p*k consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will,ifry 5g:k -r kv)p*2cbkzl y* be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of l/pqj q,:wn46 t:ft 0tijujak*- gexs6inear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostah ,ald0qaqxza1b f0n;-r.q 1l t used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing , 01a1ha.z l0lxd ;nafqb-qrqliquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have ax df-x1g,sfh)g e9z/a section in the shape of g gzh)dexsxf1-a9f/ ,a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mepb j6 h8 71hy/wqmvt/wrcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wa8 th*:;j: n frxyxnd6ceb 2j/ater, the mercurn:edb68 fj haynx:rj/; 2x* tcy initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part;;cbtbm, hh-p5sft;s fp -;h s of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explaic-t5b;sfh -hhs;smfpt; ,; pbn.

The principal virtue of mmc:j)e+4 xi+a 1 )ol6j tlmcpPyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the i ):t4pcmjae moi1l +c )6jm+xlncreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cll vgqy/71au d4(cias g;:r+kw ock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wiwla8 /zyue,)d1q*om qv3cy)x i0mws ,ll cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand upoxl,q/qw8 y esad3mv)1 zy0u,c* )wim. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compress)423s sj1ujk ex tnra-ed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particul)3 snrut 4x2-ajsk1ejar noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere subme wep;2 -ky-gc nh(p60 uzrgm)drged in water increase or decrease if the tempera0u dzpm ygg(; 6phc-2e )knrw-ture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory ansez*7td c t 7w1h;hna+d the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temper z*ttwhn e+d ca1sh77;ature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theorz76;/z kqj gxry.

As you go higher in the )e9h 9kr(cx+mwps y4y Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must 34 khuup*yo:xhave to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller u p4xyo:*u3hk mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wha,l4r dkm xqvz)7jj98tt can you infer about the molecular properties of t4 )z9 qjmkj 8,dvlx7rone relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfoe j2 x 0kemdkw06hb3i020dfg crtable than a hot dry day at the saxh2i b0k dg3e206dkfwjme0c0 me temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempevg10un 7jvu jab g8vfq655. to zvpg*:rature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air te5g mz8nlj0)o hmperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? 0n) m lzjhg58oExplain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheat98a3 gmd)qbhu bm1l )zgemgm3t155wa ed automobile engi3g 5g wmbu a8e1t53 a)bqgm9lzdm)h1mne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clb5) d15ba+f sdovnr,coud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper iymt)zurw hmx01 n0k5h 46b3 ipenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbergpqy .3 v3k02sfkxc+ f in a silver ring of t f kv0k+yqpcsx.3f23ghe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thihe5zp6h)o,hjz3 d-w)xr 8nqwi4 6xc qs on the Celsius scale?8h dh 53nhcp64 w xx- o,iwq6rzqejz))   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are)si 9zhh)ocs ;*.il ur 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0* q;kwx ut3/z0zjn+/ ryqi9ey .0uz in/ *y/0e;yq+ 3jrqxwtk9z $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builtda*fs0 ,x))p0ufnct 08 mki:wf8t xn o of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fi:rdf1em)+ p0xu-ch dug. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between Julyphc dm+u0xu-e1fr) d: (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are largea (u0kih;hc c.r than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.86;ah .(ku h0cic9 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 m 9whn)o9dr9m 5x h5vz-3imen$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if iy3eu clk e1jgc1eg7:t j175jmt is heated fr gj7e yj1ml:j e1c1cg3 tue57kom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fix/:j svf4p k/3 7grqvylled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.5yb83(ldo)0 g;fvhkhe 0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be,7ok-y juwyd* placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essex)ux3qher8)3 i8 i cxrntially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal )uqe8h3 ii3rxx xcr )8to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dbnu.5),rfj)b ty 8izhensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of le t)wdx2 8a)qst(xi yo)m4hisg2v5:bi ngth l and width w has coefficient of linear expansioy :oi dm25 qx)a(28)bssi hvw)tgi4xt n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic s ; 7dc65lpy+cppz pnr3olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock e +z1 lf4rv)yvis made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17)zvyrlf14v+ e $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inggo.b 9; mzzu7side diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume ofz ;g7ugbmoz9 . 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheelgioprg,4*.yc 0;y 9n1lgp qfe of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionlessi,py1g4.g9qyc r0 *ol; epgf n bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the deskk /*zssn2hrybck/ 1:ired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperatur/rs bz:k1sknyc h/k2 *e increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bea.* qqgp2v o/5zwu)nkab egj/hyno9),m of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm rdi ,blccz7,wf c2p 07e)koh1at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scales31nv p euw2y.:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperj,,tqd nd rnno083/ dlk(:- om 4jhcosature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperaturesgr8ij o+- o9y.2 px dt/wlko8i in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pres d3dzwa*)wdem --e1 wvsure and a temperature of about 20*ea w)dd 1- vmd-ww3ze$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP d57z6wafd rd3 using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogenlb 063 es mmfdz*5-eii ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contaioa xk (jmg9g6eaxf7(1jv6 (l;kgql l2ns 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium g7fcrg0-3 qajquh e.5k as is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas pw+l2d7 hbmkqz)wd6.a o ev)/ at h.z2dwpv6/ade+)m qlkwo7b)385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k/.b;nqgcpj9 2udmj2uu gmb4(g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant r)a8z,jw ylxz-(hhg0lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the aj)h zwx-lga,y hrz0(8 ir outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a rz,wqd++l*5u7xvcet d.m9k air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at3gtrhm94c( 3,j ldav o 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ballo8bn6k vq1abcsm /q+ 4pon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mf8i( ;ixrtc9j6 vhxb 5olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecmqm)g, pxq 4hllk 1a7:ules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molqtim nyq7wrv3.s -32tf04 rfges,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumveyzcik8 k /.4e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L brei6rom v u3fleg(v l*mc5 0l 0us636yvsath you inhale that were lvs(i6go5ue 3m0 vl*ls0cm y6r3fuv6also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of a n 7bajqcx:m 0fg*6dh+n oxygen molecule at STP+jmb6:hf * x07 acdqgn?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of w qt2/shhxuamsr8:s3 s a 6m8-the Sun at a temperature of aboum 2sa68qs shamw3 r-u/sxt8h :t 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will thq2)/yt.p7 z2 n qdspzve rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is 22qqvszy )z 7p/t.npdincreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, givd5q1 )ex6zexw7pey/a1t ( denen in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Caletxapd5e1 (y e 6ex1w z7n/)dqculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mole:lnwn x1sic/ +cules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fc5ox 7yumpvfn5 ,6 )i,rmhg3 dact6,mu3h p5),c5xvd iogn7fy r mor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moewnmwp -5kg25cqlv;s t8 63avlecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of4mdmlcik 7th2;h-n 6q two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal tk mcm-qhn 7it6d;l4h2o the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained d /i38ybe0rytin an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecxx xcl+9:c 7hl wh55fuule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP:z0z45xaefk ,-ogthr?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amideu fn-8p j -1acqzf5k1+l-qqno acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at f+aqf8 5jqn epqd1zkl-1- c -u37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P owh(:1uj zrrvl 8tr iv(+4rjx h8wg33k oj /s*vf a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, ewon j e2z+yg0v*;e*l$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prf) lum7ul i+.lessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0v vhfymy:x +w 3ad ./-/u+zxex.01 atm and the temperature is (a) u.m +zh vfyxxx+/- e3/dwav:y90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a dag 8:0av ene/sty when the temperature isv 0 at/8eegns: 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plaiipefit d)vni02 *wm .85q d;fce where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the nb;.qppb8t fv) wxb 9.mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which watenbpx;p. wt bvqbf8.)9r boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature ocijp)3e6 d, f,jgs-b1 be9mrcn a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humi )pjib,fg djscrem,6e c -319bdity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial ll6- +dqbxpm1p5 - einpressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure q(voce * k6x.minside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1v(oc . *qkexm620 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ofpchi a-:0 g9.nr yq2zj volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 kh.rs;/z o kdb3u*urjda3 nb6qb82+ s $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for ar;uea i- x/4h u v/:n-ytm9epw glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancmi:4prta w/9nxeue;-v uyh- /e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tinjixw zt2,2/sb y tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long andi22tswx /bz,j has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib*( heku;5rcqfoivg3 g22j y3 qi0q+mfrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibraswkq;mu,j p .*ted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cucffns+ d+0t x1p was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup arf+d+c 01snxtf e hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many bal1z0oka l(h8 xcl0lo1zhk c8(ax oons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecuwy**xf8 ge 8gules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tu gx8e8 f*y*gwemperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pn0yyrs(a1 ox:l b0n7 ks 3krcj 75qojrf9/m3per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available va1zfs/ w8e m3ne)eo -bst/dr-ucuum techniques is about ssrw/e/e-oe t)3-fmdz18ubn $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fillx; gghqdq55g, s his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface,hg5x5qqggd ; , to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speeqne bu-+ 2yo.-mi xcp0 (dp+cd5xpt-ld of about 40,000 km/h Molecd--+(n. -y+2xppebqdcp il 0 5oumctxules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is ,a- bgvti:ret q.s f7)m. -ekjincreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7gpe j+r4e9p-gkk boga5 va 5 442yusv270m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, z -ald/ fdg24h 7ybz8festimaab8dzy- 7ff g4h /l2zdte the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containd5s0gtjizt4:1 ij(y s ed in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 ps:nih;zw4y gktn; /(pgu-7eh7a uj/iu i (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylin77 ikg4u-z/h /tg;n(u ywjua; p :heinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mti5d,/hq 5 lqzbe 29rfwa/b2sercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolc( ry 6k 3rz yn:fu5y 5lw:ll;(ckj*rmine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earl)( hmjgxuu9m / f,su)th’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly on q,xka;p28zktfgr kf2 xuw2.e,;5 asm to a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standao voie qp.g)x*c /3)kzrd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atmya zct0-c./ar at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth ihgtie,y: )oi- s $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended ag)rn9b jtkhqij/ 8b 2d(ainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assumikr9i/ jthbj)2 bdq8( nng they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depty ub.qy ed nt:5h(:d/ec8 h*guh of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air :.8 t5/n*dbquehy:ue cd(ghy behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the f3 ep dn5iug8jo)b6j 1lollowing two days: j)b 3 5j1g8op lunied6
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dzv vkygsp /9 bd56p(t6ensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temkv d6 zspp v9by5/6tg(perature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to v o6kgso9tz ,w0+o3zu / lv2qgshow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of vs +z ot0wzg2o3kv g o6,9lqu/volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people const),rct/4 zewyi -fdn x8antly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If 8 c4 dn)z,iw-efr/tyxthe cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg